【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-1】

echizenlover

#1 30s
P: he has solved a smaller percentage of the cases in last 3 years than any others in the police force.
C: he’s not competent.
Prephrase: properties of cases, what if those cases assigned to Carl were most difficult ones that others can’t close?

Choice:
A: right answer.
B: irrelevant. Even if it was relevant, this information won’t help support the claim.
C: everyone gets the same offer. Extensive resources aren’t a problem that makes Carl less competent than others. (strengthen the argument)
D: Even if it was relevant, it might, to some extent, undermines the argument.
E: Irrelevant. Promotion has nothing to do with the competiveness.

#2 47s
B: F was first found in lab, and later was found in nature.
P: F in lab requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
C: F in lab provides a test case for evaluating the state of the Earth’s crust at the time these F in nature formed.
Prephrase: 1. Difference between F in lab and F in nature; 2. Temp and pressure aren’t equal with Earth’s crust.

Choice:
D

#3 52 s
B: emergency treatment for an elderly people, 11,000
P: a new program can reduce the costs but has other expenditures, cost 12,500
C: the program cant be justified.
Prephrase: any other advantages that the previous treatment doesn't have? what if the later prevents further treatment?

Choice:
A

#4 47s
B: Vole lives as a group
P: from autumn to spring, live in a larger group; but from spring to early autumn, live in a smaller group
C: this can be explained by the mortality of youth vole
Prepharse: in winter, the youth vole need more protection; (youth, season, mortality)
Choice:
E

#5 32s
B: a dolphin feed program in a famous beach
P: although the adults are healthy, their offerings are less healthy than those live in the wild.
Prephrase: feed them with fish might harm their hunt ability (feed offerings, disadvantages than those live in the wild)
Choice:
E


#3做错了，
A provides no information about the difference between those two programs.
C gives a reasonable explanation about why the costs of emergency treatment are low.

MIA926

【精练】
1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
--BIBLE WEAKEN NO.1
逻辑链：Carl is an incompetent detective because he solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him than his colleagues.
推测：给他的都是大案子；他的队友太厉害不是他太弱；percentage不等于数量，给他的案件数量太多了忙不过来…
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve. 正确
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled. 成为侦探前的事无关
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes. 破案的资源很丰富跟能力无关
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes. 在另一个城市当警探的情况跟如今可能不同还是无关
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.  其他警探被升职和Carl破案能力无关。

2.
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1
逻辑链：在自然中发现F可以帮助科学家检验他们对地壳在F形成时期的状况的假设，因为实验室合成的F需要特定的温度和压强。
推测：如今发现的F已经变了；自然的和实验的F不一样
(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.无关，无法判断能否test科学家的假设
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft. 无关，不在地球上的F不是讨论的主题
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. 无关，和地壳还是没关系
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.正确，自然发现的F大家都不懂所以无法检验科学家的假设。
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.无关，重点是F不是S





3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
逻辑链:一个项目可以减少老人摔倒的可能性但是这个项目要花12500元，多于用于治疗摔倒老人的平均费用所以不合理。
推测：治疗后因摔倒而引起的其他后遗症还要花很多钱
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year. 无关，讲的是使用这个项目时间越长越好但是问题是要不要用
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home. 无关 怎样生活的老人容易摔倒的重伤和要不要使用这个项目无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls. 正确 讲到了cost
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall. 无关，这个项目focus在什么地方跟会不会用它无关
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.  略相关，但是带了点加强的意味，暗示这个项目的cost很可能很快就会增加

4.
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
逻辑链：这种动物秋到冬天在大群体中生活，但是春到秋天的时候在较小的群体中生活，这种现象可以被群体中年轻V的死亡率所解释


Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. 无关，没讲到死亡率的问题
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year. 无关 都没讲到年轻的vole
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring. 无关，没提到young vole
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing. 无关 没提到young vole
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn. 正确

5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
逻辑链：沙滩有喂养海豚的项目，海豚一开始从这个项目中获益但是他们的后代比不被喂养的海豚的后代的寿命短

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.无关，没有讲到喂养项目
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there. 无关，没有讲到寿命长度的差别
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. 无关，只是消除了一个无关选项
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month. 无关，还是没讲到寿命长短的对比
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins. 正确，讲到了两种海豚的对比

啊云苏苏

2）逻辑链：
-Premise
He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
-Conclusion
Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
3）推测Prephrase
别的原因导致他办的案子少，少≠incompetent，可能很难
4)选项分析：
A方向对，虽然少但每个都很难，别人办不成
B irrelevant，只能说明他之前受人尊敬，用甲去attack乙，没用
C strengthen，每个人都有工具帮助办案，他还这么少，strengthen了incompetent
D strengthen，他以前办的比现在更少，说明有poor performance
E无关，很多同事都升职了和他的表现没有关系，不要多想
选A

1-1-2
1)计时：
2）逻辑链：
-Backgrounds
Although fullerenes were first found in the laboratory,
laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure
-Premise
they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite
-Conclusion
this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses
3）推测Prephrase
不好do case study,很难提取之类
4)选项分析：
A support
B irrelevant
C 对象不对
D 对，结构不一样，无法评估
E support
选D

1-1-3
1)计时：
2）逻辑链：
-Backgrounds
On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.
-Premise
A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.this treatment program will cost $12,500
-Conclusion
this treatment program cannot be justified
3）推测Prephrase
摔倒住院还有其他的费用
4)选项分析：
A support 更不采取这个方法了
B support，less，不采取
C 对 $11000低估了，成本高与this program 就可以采取了
D how the new program cure people is out of scope.
E support
选 C

1-1-4
1)计时：
2）逻辑链：
-Backgrounds
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.
-Premise
Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  
-Conclusion
The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles
3）推测Prephrase
蛇冬天冬眠，春天捕鼠，死亡率高
4)选项分析：
A 和结论相反，undermine
B 时间段错了，季节变化，不是年度变化
C undermine，那就应该春天数量多，和结论相反
D undermine，冬天冷死亡率不是更高么，数量应该更少
E 跟我想的一样！！！春天有天敌出现，数量骤减
选E

1-1-5
1)计时：
2）逻辑链：
-Backgrounds
-Premise
many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there
-Conclusion
their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
3）推测Prephrase
捕食能力降低，生存能力低
4)选项分析：
A 有一点点关系
B undermine，寿命该长才是
C undermine，寿命该没区别才对
D 无关。。。
E 对！
选E

Sherry57

1.读题干33s
premise:he finished fewer cases than other cases

conclusiong: he is a incompetent detective

推测：all of his cases are important and time-consuming cases

答案选：A

B--cannot interpret that why he solve fewer cases
C--irrelated
D--the difference occurs between he and his colleague, not between his current situation and his past
E--irrelated

2.读题干50s
不记得什么了。。。。。。。读了以后完全没理解

3.读题干44s
background:the emergency treatment for elderly people from fall is high
premise:the new blabla can reduce the chances of elderly person's fall
conclusion:the cost of emergency treatment for elderly people will become higher

推测：the number of elderly person rises,so the number of elderly people falling will not decrease.

答案选：D



今天逻辑小分队第一天，说实话觉得挺吃力，读题干有些云里雾里，选项也都不是很清楚。。。有点桑心就做了两道题

ReneeLChen

精炼题：
premise: he has solved a smaller percentage of the cases than any other detective on the police office.
Conclusion: Carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
(assumptions : Carl works in the police office; the difficulty of each case is the same; There are no other factors, which affect solving the cases.)
Weaken: The cases Carl solved are more difficult than those solved by any other detective on the police force.
The cases assigned to him are increasing.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a neighborhood police officer and was highly respected by the residents of the neighborhood he patrolled.无关项
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl serves are provided with extensive resources, including the use of a large computer database, to help them solve crimes.公共信息，没有办法削弱
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police department in another city, and in the 4 years he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30 crimes.加强
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in which Carl serves were hired or promoted within the last 5 years.无关项
2.Conclusion premise
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
undermine:
the founded fullerenes are the final form, which has reacted with other things in the nature as an original form.
People cannot assure when the fullerenes found in the nature were formed.
D
3.P this treatment program will cost $12,500
   C: thus cannot be justified.
undermine:
The total spend of emergency treatment costs is higher than the costs of the new program.
The amount of money cost is not the only determinant of whether the program is justified.
C
4. C:The seasonal variation in group size
    p: a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
support:
No other reasons can explain the variation of group size.
Mortality affect the group size.
E
5. C: their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
explain:
The adults can teach their offspring little about how to feed in the wild.
The adults, who are feed artificially, have weaker offspring than those in the wild.
E

kexiner

BG

Premise he has solved a smaller percantage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years

conclusion: carl is clearly an incompetent detective.
A

bg Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.

premise: Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure

conclusion:this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.

E

BG: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.

PREMISE:Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500

CONCLUSION: thus cannot be justified.
D

BG: The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.
Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn,

PREMISE:  The seasonal variation in group size  can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.

CONCLUSION  most voles live in far smaller groups.
E

BG: A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day;many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there

PREMISE:
Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived

CONCLUSION: their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild

E

玛德滞涨

精炼：
1.background:detective
  premise:a smaller percentage of the cases
  conclusion: incompetent

percentage: 1.百分数陷阱 more cases
                     2.样本可比较性 more difficult
                     3.other reasons lead to this while others without effect
A

2.laboratory different conditions —evaluating the naturally fullerenes

undermine : same mineral shungite-carbon
                  laboratory-naturally
C

3.this treatment program that reduces chances of falling is refused because of overuse costs

undermine: other than the costs ,program have some advantages
                 total costs less
C

4. a seasonal variation in mortality youth— group size
因果 排除他因 有因有果 无因无果 准确信息
E

5. different feeding ways—different life expectancy
相关—因果
actual example  -difference
feeding disadvantage
E

2.错误原因 理解题意有问题 要削弱的是this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
这个discorvey 可以帮助g来分析E’crust
要削弱就是说 Earth crust会被除了F的其他因素影响

jiangjiang2016

【精练】
1. Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has
solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to
him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any
other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously
weakens the argument above?
--BIBLE WEAKEN NO.1
用时：30s
Premise:
Carl solve smaller percentage of cases assigned to him than any other detective
Conclusion:
Carl is incompetent detective
推测：
Maybe Carl’s office is the best in the country
Maybe carl mainly solved big cases that need a large amount of time
选项分析
A: right
B: irrelevant with the past experience
C: not weaken (the same to all the detectives)
D: Carl has improved does not mean he is competent
E: irrelevant

(A) Because the police chPef regards Carl as the
most capable detective, she assigns him only
the most difficult cases, ones that others have
failed to solve.
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a
neighborhood police officer and was highly
respected by the residents of the
neighborhood he patrolled.
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl
serves are provided with extensive resources,
including the use of a large computer
database, to help them solve crimes.
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police
department in another city, and in the 4 years
he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30
crimes.
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in
which Carl serves were hired or promoted
within the last 5 years.





【逻辑链】
2.
Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
time:38s
Background: fullerenes were found in lab and nature (shungite fissures)
Premise: lab synthesis fullerenes requires distinctive conditions
Conclusion: geologists could evaluate the Earth’s crust at the time fullerenes were formed
Weaken:
Lab fullerenes and nature fullerenes are different
Fullerenes in shungite are different with other fullerenes
A: repeat the argument
B: irrelevant
C: not about the fullerenes’ formed process, but about the components
D: right
E: irrelevant with the fullerenes’ formed process, irrelevant with the conclusion. We are not talking about the formed process of S.


Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.1

(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft.
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed.
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure.
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions.





3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
time:22s
Background: treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs 11000.
Premise: new therapeutic program can reduce chances of falling but costs 12500.Premise: new therapeutic program can reduce chances of falling but costs 12500.
Conclusion: new program cannot be justified
Weaken:
if an elderly person falls, maybe he will need long care after emergency treatment. The care may cost much more.
New therapeutic program’s cost may decrease for some reason: subsidy, remove several unimportant treatment.
A: this reason is just about the usefulness of the program ,not about the cost——important premise.
B: irrelevant with the new program
C: right
D: justify the argument
E: not a reason for why the new program costs highly but not tell whether we could remove the visits to reduce the cost

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.2

(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year.
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home.
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls.
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall.
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program.


4.
The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
time:45s
Background: prairie vole breeds year-round and a group of voles live together.
Premise: voles live in large group from late autumn through winter and in small group from spring through early autumn.
C: group size can be explained by a seasonal variation among young voles.
Support:
the evidence should relevant to season and young voles.
Maybe young voles were born in autumn and in spring they could live by themselves.
Maybe food, predator and other reasons make young voles live the group in late autumn through winter.
A: time not coincide
B: not talking about year to year, but between a year
C: not explain spring to early autumn
D: just winters
E right

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.3

(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles.
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year.
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring.
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing.
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn.


5.
A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
time: 30s
Background: dolphin feeding program gives dolphins half of their food each day.
Premise: dolphins benefit as adults, but their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring in the wild.
Explanation:
Find the difference between dolphins feed and dolphins in the wild. Find the difference between adult dolphins and their offsprings
Maybe the predator could catch them more easily
Maybe they cannot predate food on their hands
Maybe they lost survival skills
A: not explain directly
B: just a fact
C； not explain
D: not explain
E； right

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
--PREP07 CR1 NO.4

(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate.
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild.
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month.
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins.

Geranium_Bayy

1、        Carl is clearly an incompetent detective. He has solved a smaller percentage of the cases assigned to him in the last 3 years—only 1 out of 25—than any other detective on the police force.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?
11’’
逻辑链：Carl是个不具有竞争力的侦探。因为她只处理了很小一部分的（1/25）的案件相比于其他人
削弱：1、C处理的是最花时间/最大的案件
(A) Because the police chief regards Carl as the most capable detective, she assigns him only the most difficult cases, ones that others have failed to solve. Correct
(B) Before he became a detective, Carl was a neighborhood police officer and was highly respected by the residents of the neighborhood he patrolled. 无关
(C) Detectives on the police force on which Carl serves are provided with extensive resources, including the use of a large computer database, to help them solve crimes. 无关
(D) Carl was previously a detective in a police department in another city, and in the 4 years he spent there, he solved only 1 out of 30 crimes. 无关，还是无法解释他为什么处理那么小比例的案件
(E) Many of the officers in the police department in which Carl serves were hired or promoted within the last 5 years. 无关，并没有提到结论。

2.Although fullerenes--spherical molecules made entirely of carbon--were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite.  Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earth's crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
25’’
逻辑链：F物质是在实验室被发现的，但是他最早应该是在自然界发现的。由于他需要特定的温度和气压，所以这个任务应该交给地理学家，让他们去解开这一假说。
    削弱：1、虽然地理学家可以发现但是这种东西一拿出来就没了（氧化啊，融化掉之类的）/不能用，所以还是需要科学家。
(A) Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation.无关
(B) Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft. 无关，并没有提到结论
(C) The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. 无关，文中并没有提到carbon
(D) The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure. Correct，和猜测的有点相似，因为拿出来以后还是不能用，所以还是需要科学家们
(E) Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions. 无关，并没有提到和更需要科学家有什么关联。

3.
Economist:  On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000.  A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly person's chances of falling.  Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?
15’’ 逻辑链：老人摔跤要11000治疗费。现在有一个新的疗法可以减少老人摔跤的几率。虽然非常有市场，但是还是要花到12500.
削弱：新疗法用于摔跤的总money（次数*每次治疗费）小于急救法的总money
(A) Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year. 加强
(B) Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home. 讲到了新信息：nursing home & live alone at home ，无关
(C) A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly people's injuries from such falls. Correct，虽然和猜测有点大致不同。但是方向是一致的。也就是说这是一个长期病，旧疗法为这之后的pain的花费是not counted。
(D) The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall. 旧疗法虽然会增加患病几率，但是却没有和新疗法进行对比，也不知道是比新疗法的多还是少。所以incorrect
(E) A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program. 加强。不管怎么样，就是贵了。

4.The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters.  Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups.  The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.
Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?
33’’ 逻辑链： 晚秋到冬天V live in a large groups. 春天到早秋 V live in a smaller group. 于是就猜测是因为季节变化导致年轻V的死亡率不同。
支持：1、晚秋到冬天他们会xxx——存活率高。 春天到早秋他们会xxx——存活率低。
2、或者通过的对比的形式。
(A) It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. 无关，并没有直接支持结论。
(B) Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year. 无关
(C) The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring. 削弱。
(D) Winters in the prairie voles' habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing. 削弱，说是冬天条件艰苦，而题目说得是冬天存活率高
(E) Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn. Correct，说他们春天到早秋会遇到xxx以至于存活率低

5.A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there.  Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?
28’’ 逻辑链：一天喂海豚好几次，一次是原来的一半。虽然这个项目能使海豚健康长寿，但是他们的后代的生命周期却没有那些野外的海豚寿命长。
解释：食物减少了，竞争更加激烈了，小海豚因此就抢不到食物了。如果食物是原来的分量的话，小海豚还能抢到食物。
(A) Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate. 无关，并没有提到这个program会给offspring带来什么影响
(B) Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there.无关
(C) The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. 无关
(D) Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month. 有点迷惑性。但是如果海豚和他的后代很少来的话，海豚也会受影响啊。
(E) Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins. Correct

fesche

C: carl is incompetent
P: in the last 3 years solved 1 out of 25 cases
smaller % than his coworkers
weaken
Gap: most difficult
he was sick in the last 3 years
some he initiated but passed to others
A

P: F first found in lab
F later found in nature
F formed in fissures of S
F specific condition : temperature and pressure
C: can study earths crust when F its formed
weaken
Gap:F can be inconsistent
D

P: cost of falling is 11000
new therapy prevent the falling
C:  it cost more can not be justified
weaken
can be justified
Gap: raise the cost of prevention
E-C

P: V live in group
larger number in autumn to winter, fewer in spring to winter
C: mortality among young V
Support
more predator during spring to autumn
can not bear the heat
E

P: dolphins are fed half of their meal in the place
shorter life longevity than those depend only on wild life
adult benefit are healthy and long lived, their offspring turn out to be not
explain
food in the place is contaminated, they do not know how to get food in the wild
depend too much in the food given place
E