请教一下-ing和定语从句,介词短语修饰的作用

mettlyz

一直都不明白,-ing和定语从句,介词短语修饰在gmat中是不是,都是只能就近修饰词汇或者短语,不能修饰之前的整个句子,或者谓语.比如:

154.
In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in
Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and neighbors by filing a deed
of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered his property.

(A) setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered

(B) setting free more than the 500 slaves legally considered as

(C) and set free more than 500 slaves, who were legally considered as

(D) and set free more than the 500 slaves who were legally considered（A）

(E) and he set free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered as

但是,下面的题目,似乎又否定了我的感觉,
4.    In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.
(A) in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze
(B) effectively manufacturing antifreeze of its own
(C) in effect manufacturing their own antifreeze (c)
(D) so that they manufacture their own antifreeze
(E) thus the manufacture of its own antifreeze


    

1.       
In addition to having more protein than wheat does, the
protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the
amino acids essential to the human diet.

    

(A) the protein in rice is higher
quality than that in

    

(B) rice has protein of higher
quality than that in (B)

    

(C) the protein in rice is higher
in quality than it is in

    

(D) rice protein is higher in
quality than it is in（B）

    

(E) rice has a protein
higher in quality than
请大家指点一下,谢谢!

yinlixiao

-ing即可以做定语也可做状语，ETS常常故意混淆它们来考，一个重要考点。-ing做定语时修饰名词，根据它不同的位置，所修饰的名词不同。如果-ing在句首时，一般修饰主句主语。如果-ing在句中或句尾，可以修饰就近名词也可以是修饰主句主语。

-ing做状语时一般修饰动词，也可以修饰整个句子。在句首，修饰主句谓语，或是整个句子，逻辑主语就是主句主语。注意的是：这里的逻辑意思是-ing动作跟修饰动作同时发生。在句中或是句尾时，根据具体意思找出修饰的动词，重要的根据就是：-ing动作的主语跟修饰动词的主语是同一事物。所以判断-ing做状语修饰什么的时候，只要清楚找出动作的逻辑主语。

-ing 做定语跟定语从句有很多区别
很多人习惯把-ing看作非限制性修饰，定语从句看作限制性修饰
多多考古

介词短语既可以做定语也可以做状语，但是它一般都跟在要接近修饰的名词或动词，如果在介词短语和修饰物之间加了一些插入成分，很容易产生歧义，ETS常见考点之一。