揽瓜阁训练营 第210天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

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之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

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1.CR

Japan's high-tech industries heavily rely on rare earth elements for manufacturing advanced products. However, many countries, including China, which holds the world's largest rare earth reserves, have imposed restrictions on rare earth exports. To address the shortage of rare earth supply, it has been suggested that Japan should focus on recovering these elements from discarded products that contain them. Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the argument that recovering rare earth elements from discarded products is a viable solution for Japan's rare earth shortage? (A) China's rare earth export restrictions are unlikely to be lifted in the near future. (B) Japan's high-tech industries are exploring alternative materials to replace rare earth elements. (C) The process of extracting rare earth elements from discarded products is more environmentally friendly than mining them. (D) There is an efficient and cost-effective method for extracting rare earth elements from discarded products. (E) The demand for rare earth elements in Japan's high-tech industries is expected to decrease in the coming years.

A flower shop in the United States, which is the largest in the country, reports that a particular flower accounts for 30% of its total flower sales. Based on this information, the shop concludes that this flower is the most popular one planted in gardens across the nation. Which of the following, if assumed, would allow the flower shop's conclusion to be properly drawn? (A) The flower shop sells more than 50 different varieties of flowers belonging to the same family as the flower in question. (B) The majority of the flowers sold by the shop are purchased with the intention of being planted in gardens. (C) The flower shop's sales are representative of the overall flower market in the United States. (D) The flower in question is native to the United States and thrives in most climates across the country. (E) Other flower shops in the United States also report high sales volumes for the flower in question.

DB

From the foregoing discussion, it is apparent that porphyry copper deposits came into being as a result of special geological conditions. Much evidence has now been accumulated that leads us to suspect that the deposits were formed as lay-products of volcanic activity where deep-seated magma bodies had suitable compositions and properties and where crustal characteristics permitted those bodies to rise rapidly to shallower levels. The evidence is indirect, and hence inconclusive, however, because the volcanic structures that may once have existed above the deposits would have been topographically and compositionally unstable and thus would have been removed rapidly by weathering, and because a large percentage of known deposits are now exposed as a result of millions or tens of millions of years of erosion.

Nevertheless, a volcanic origin for many porphyry copper deposits is consistent with the following facts. First, by far the greatest number of deposits are of Mesozoic age or younger—less about 230 million years old—and are located in either the “ring of fire,“ the belt of volcanoes and volcanic rocks that encircles the Pacific Ocean, or the “Tethyan” belt, the east-west band of volcanic rocks and mountains that extends throughout the southern Soviet Union and into the Middle East (Fig. 5). The association of the deposits with volcanic rocks and the style of occurrence are much the same in both regions. Moreover, both these parts of the world are currently the sites of much earthquake activity and volcanism, which are believed to be manifestations of the same sorts of events as are known to have occurred in or near these regions ever since about 230 million years ago.

Second, although most of the rocks that existed at the time the ore was formed have been removed by erosion. there are a few deposits where remnants of volcanic rocks about the same-age as the porphyries (up to 200 million years old) are found, and where porphyries containing copper deposits are present as intrusions in the volcanic rocks (Fig. 6). This coincidence of porphyries and volcanic rocks in both time and space is strong evidence for a volcanic origin for the deposits.

Third, the theory of the origin of porphyritic textures described previously involves two stages of cooling: an early stage, during which crystals of silicate minerals started to form, and a late stage, in which the residual magma was quenched to form a fine-grained matrix. The late stage of cooling was thought to be the result of magma rising rapidly to the cooler environment of the shallow crust. According to the volcanic genesis theory, the porphyry intrusions, which have compositions similar to those of many volcanic rocks, formed when magma rose rapidly toward the earth’s surface through the core of a volcano.

Fourth, a large percentage of porphyry copper deposits contain bodies of breech—angular fragments of rock, which, in some instances, are cemented with fine crystalline volcanic-like rock or with rock “flour" derived from the mutual abrasion of porphyry fragments (Fig. 2). Such bodies are commonly irregular, essentially vertical columns, or “pipes,” with round or elliptical cross sections; less commonly, they assume a tabular form, such as that of a vertical sheet, or “dike.” The transportation and pulverization of rocks in breccias, as well as the geometry of the breccia bodies, suggest that there may have been an opening to the surface at the time that they formed. Moreover, breccias that look like these are present in active volcanic systems, where openings clearly exist.

Fifth, the distribution of deposits in well-explored regions of the Pacific rim shows tendencies toward clustering, as in southwest North America. where clusters occur in areas about 30 km by 30km (Fig. 7), and toward formation along lines on the earth's surface, as in the Andes. Volcanoes show similar tendencies to cluster or form along lines. This similarity in distribution of volcanic centers and porphyry ore deposits is not in itself compelling evidence for an association, but taken together with the other pieces of evidence, it strengthens the case.

The inferred link between circum-Pacific volcanism and the formation of porphyry ore deposits is extremely important, because it establishes a rational basis for searching for such deposits. Moreover, the high success rate—the discovery of more than a hundred new deposits—over the past two decades of searching premised in part on the assumption that the theory is correct attests in some measure to its validity.

Question 1: According to the passage, which of the following is true about the volcanic structures that may have existed above porphyry copper deposits? (A) They were topographically and compositionally stable. (B) They were rapidly removed by weathering. (C) They are still present above most porphyry copper deposits. (D) They were formed millions of years after the porphyry copper deposits. (E) They have been well-preserved due to their resistance to erosion.

Question 2: The passage suggests that the greatest number of porphyry copper deposits are found in: (A) The "ring of fire" and the "Tethyan" belt (B) Areas with little earthquake activity and volcanism (C) Regions where volcanic rocks are older than 230 million years (D) The northern Soviet Union and the Middle East (E) Areas with no association between deposits and volcanic rocks

Question 3: Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as evidence for a volcanic origin of porphyry copper deposits? (A) The presence of remnants of volcanic rocks about the same age as the porphyries (B) The absence of intrusions in the volcanic rocks (C) The lack of coincidence of porphyries and volcanic rocks in both time and space (D) The dissimilar compositions of porphyries and volcanic rocks (E) The slow cooling of magma in the early stage of porphyry formation

Question 4: According to the theory of the origin of porphyritic textures, the late stage of cooling is thought to be the result of: (A) Magma rising slowly to the warmer environment of the deep crust (B) Magma rising rapidly to the cooler environment of the shallow crust (C) Crystals of silicate minerals forming in the early stage (D) The residual magma being heated to form a coarse-grained matrix (E) The magma remaining stationary in the earth's mantle

Question 5: The passage suggests that the transportation and pulverization of rocks in breccias, as well as the geometry of the breccia bodies, indicate: (A) The absence of an opening to the surface at the time of their formation (B) The presence of an opening to the surface at the time of their formation (C) The formation of breccias long after the porphyry copper deposits (D) The lack of similarity between these breccias and those in active volcanic systems (E) The slow and gradual formation of breccia bodies

Question 6: According to the passage, the distribution of porphyry copper deposits in well-explored regions of the Pacific rim shows tendencies toward: (A) Uniform dispersion across large areas (B) Clustering and formation along lines on the earth's surface (C) Isolation from volcanic centers (D) Formation in areas with no volcanic activity (E) Random distribution without any discernible patterns

Question 7: The passage suggests that the similarity in distribution of volcanic centers and porphyry ore deposits: (A) Is compelling evidence for an association between the two (B) Weakens the case for an association between the two (C) Is not related to the other pieces of evidence presented (D) Contradicts the theory of a volcanic origin for porphyry copper deposits (E) Strengthens the case for an association when considered with other evidence

Question 8: The high success rate of discovering new porphyry copper deposits over the past two decades is attributed in part to: (A) The assumption that the theory linking circum-Pacific volcanism and porphyry ore deposits is incorrect (B) The lack of a rational basis for searching for such deposits (C) The assumption that the theory linking circum-Pacific volcanism and porphyry ore deposits is correct (D) The focus on searching in areas without any volcanic activity (E) The disregard for the evidence supporting a volcanic origin for porphyry copper deposits

BAABBBEC

Amidst the cataclysmic upheaval and the inexorable maelstrom of the Crusades, an epoch that indelibly etched itself upon the annals of history, the indomitable and zealous European forces, guided by the divine providence and the sacrosanct mandate of the Almighty, embarked upon a Herculean endeavor to wrest control of the hallowed lands of Christendom from the tenacious clutches of the infidel Muslim powers. Under the aegis of such luminaries as Pope Urban II, the charismatic and visionary pontiff who ignited the flames of holy war with his impassioned clarion call at the Council of Clermont in 1095, King Richard I of England, the legendary Lionheart renowned for his martial prowess and chivalric valor, and Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the formidable Teutonic ruler who sought to solidify his imperial hegemony and reassert the preeminence of the Holy Roman Empire, the Crusaders found themselves confronted with the monumental task of judiciously allocating their finite resources and assiduously formulating a comprehensive stratagem to unleash a decisive offensive against their implacable and resolute adversaries.

The four paramount campaigns that consumed the Crusaders' every waking thought and galvanized their indefatigable efforts were the First Crusade (1096-1099), an audacious and unprecedented undertaking that culminated in the triumphant capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Latin Kingdom; the Second Crusade (1147-1149), a ill-fated and abortive venture that sought to bolster the beleaguered Crusader states in the Levant; the Third Crusade (1189-1192), an epic and titanic struggle between the redoubtable Richard the Lionheart and the indomitable Saladin for supremacy in the Holy Land; and the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204), a calamitous and ignominious debacle that witnessed the tragic sack of Constantinople and the sundering of Christendom. Each of these campaigns was subjected to a meticulous and exhaustive assessment, predicated upon five cardinal factors that would inexorably shape the outcome of the conflict and determine the fate of the Crusader enterprise:

1. The overarching and far-reaching religious, strategic, and symbolic significance of the geographical locations that constituted the cynosure of the Crusaders' aspirations, particularly the sacred city of Jerusalem, the eternal capital of the Kingdom of Heaven, and Constantinople, the resplendent metropolis that stood as the bulwark of Eastern Christendom. These cities, steeped in biblical history and suffused with spiritual import, played a pivotal role in the grand tapestry of the Crusades, their possession or loss holding the potential to decisively alter the balance of power between the warring faiths and to shape the destiny of empires.
2. The formidability, resilience, and near-impenetrability of the enemy's elaborate and entrenched defensive fortifications, which had been painstakingly constructed and assiduously maintained to thwart and repel any Crusader incursion. From the mighty walls of Jerusalem, a testament to the indomitable spirit and martial prowess of the Muslim defenders, to the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, a marvel of military engineering that had withstood the ravages of time and the onslaught of countless besiegers, these bastions of resistance posed a formidable challenge to the Crusaders' aspirations of conquest and domination.
3. The intrinsic potential for a triumphant and inexorable Crusader advancement and territorial acquisition, a tantalizing prospect that promised to irrevocably shift the momentum of the conflict in their favor and to deal a devastating blow to the enemy's morale and cohesion. The capture of Jerusalem in 1099, a momentous event that sent shockwaves reverberating throughout the Muslim world and ignited a fervent outpouring of joy and exultation in Christendom, and the sack of Constantinople in 1204, a cataclysmic upheaval that rent asunder the fabric of Byzantine society and precipitated the inexorable decline of the once-mighty empire, stood as powerful testaments to the Crusaders' martial prowess and their unwavering commitment to their sacred cause.
4. The projected attrition rates and the anticipated consumption of precious and finite resources, both human and material, that would be required to secure a hard-fought victory and to maintain the initiative in the face of implacable opposition and inhospitable terrain. The staggering casualties suffered by the Crusaders during the protracted and sanguinary sieges of Antioch (1097-1098) and Acre (1189-1191), where countless lives were sacrificed upon the altar of religious fervor and martial glory, and the immense logistical challenges of provisioning and sustaining armies across vast distances and in hostile environments, served as sobering reminders of the immense cost and sacrifice that attended the pursuit of the Crusaders' divinely ordained mission.
5. The profound and far-reaching ramifications on the overall trajectory and outcome of the Crusades, a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that encompassed the military, political, economic, religious, and social dimensions of the conflict. From the establishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, a bastion of Western Christendom in the heart of the Muslim world that would endure for nearly two centuries, to the Fourth Crusade's fateful diversion to Constantinople, a tragic miscalculation that ultimately led to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the irrevocable alienation of the Eastern Church, the consequences of the Crusaders' actions would reverberate through the ages, shaping the course of history and leaving an indelible mark upon the collective consciousness of humanity.

To facilitate a rigorous and systematic evaluation of each campaign, the Crusader leadership employed a nuanced and granular scale, ranging from 1 (denoting the lowest level of strategic importance, operational feasibility, and potential impact) to 10 (signifying the highest degree of criticality, viability, and consequence). This quantitative assessment, derived from an exhaustive and meticulous analysis of historical chronicles, eyewitness accounts, and archaeological evidence, was complemented by a qualitative appraisal that drew upon the collective wisdom and insight of the Crusader high command.

The esteemed and battle-hardened Crusader commanders, each possessed of their own unique strategic acumen, operational predilections, and martial philosophies, engaged in a spirited and impassioned discourse to determine the optimal allocation of resources and manpower. From the visionary and charismatic Pope Urban II, whose clarion call to arms galvanized the faithful and set in motion the First Crusade, to the valiant and chivalrous King Richard the Lionheart, whose martial prowess and strategic genius were the stuff of legend, to the cunning and pragmatic Doge Enrico Dandolo of Venice, whose machinations and intrigues would ultimately seal the fate of the Fourth Crusade, these luminaries brought to bear their formidable intellects and their wealth of experience in the service of their sacred cause.

Cognizant of the grave responsibility that rested upon their shoulders, the weighty mantle of leadership that they had assumed in the name of Christendom, and the divine mandate that compelled them to wage a holy war against the infidel, the Crusader commanders assiduously pored over ancient prophecies and scriptural exegeses, seeking to discern the signs and portents that would guide their steps and illuminate their path. They studied the art of war as practiced by the great generals of antiquity, from Alexander the Great to Julius Caesar, and sought to apply the timeless principles of strategy and tactics to the unique challenges and opportunities presented by the Crusades.

In their deliberations, the Crusader leaders were ever mindful of the multifaceted and often inscrutable geopolitical implications of their actions, the delicate web of alliances and rivalries that spanned the Mediterranean world, and the shifting sands of power and influence that could make or break their enterprise. They grappled with the competing demands of piety and pragmatism, of idealism and realpolitik, as they sought to chart a course that would balance the imperatives of faith with the exigencies of statecraft.

Ultimately, the Crusades would leave an indelible mark upon the fabric of history, a complex and contested legacy that would endure for centuries and continue to shape the world we inhabit today. The heroic deeds and tragic follies of the Crusaders, their triumphs and their failures, their nobility and their barbarism, would become the stuff of legend, inspiring generations of poets, artists, and dreamers, and provoking endless fascination, admiration, and revulsion in equal measure. And though the Crusades may have ended in defeat and disillusionment, the spirit of the Crusaders – their courage, their devotion, their unyielding commitment to a higher cause – would live on, a testament to the enduring power of faith, the indomitable resilience of the human spirit, and the eternal struggle between the forces of light and darkness that lies at the heart of the human condition.

Questions:

1. According to the passage, which of the following factors was NOT explicitly mentioned as a key consideration in the assessment of the Crusader campaigns? (A) The religious and strategic significance of the targeted locations, such as Jerusalem and Constantinople (B) The strength and resilience of the enemy's defensive fortifications, such as the walls of Jerusalem and the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople (C) The potential for Crusader advancement and territorial gains, as exemplified by the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 (D) The projected attrition rates and resource consumption, as evidenced by the heavy casualties suffered during the sieges of Antioch and Acre (E) The diplomatic and trade relations between the Crusader states and the neighboring Muslim powers
2. The passage suggests that the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 were viewed by the Crusaders as: (A) Devastating setbacks that undermined their morale and cohesion (B) Inconsequential events in the grand scheme of the Crusades (C) Momentous and transformative victories that shifted the balance of power in their favor (D) Pyrrhic victories that drained their resources and exposed their vulnerabilities (E) Necessary evils that compromised their moral and spiritual integrity
3. The passage indicates that the Crusader leadership employed a quantitative scale to evaluate each campaign, with a range of: (A) 1 to 5, with 1 representing the highest level of importance and 5 the lowest (B) 1 to 10, with 1 denoting the lowest level of importance and 10 the highest (C) 1 to 20, with 1 signifying the most critical campaigns and 20 the least critical (D) 1 to 100, with 1 indicating the least viable campaigns and 100 the most viable (E) -5 to 5, with -5 representing the most detrimental campaigns and 5 the most beneficial
4. According to the passage, the Crusader commanders sought to apply the military principles and strategies of which of the following historical figures to the unique challenges of the Crusades? (A) Hannibal and Scipio Africanus (B) Sun Tzu and Genghis Khan (C) Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar (D) Charlemagne and William the Conqueror (E) Saladin and Baibars
5. The passage suggests that the Crusader leaders grappled with the tension between which of the following pairs of competing imperatives? (A) Piety and pragmatism (B) Loyalty and ambition (C) Unity and diversity (D) Tradition and innovation (E) Mercy and justice
6. The author of the passage characterizes the legacy of the Crusades as: (A) An unmitigated triumph of Western civilization over the forces of barbarism and ignorance (B) A shameful chapter in human history that exposed the depths of religious fanaticism and intolerance (C) A noble and heroic struggle that epitomized the highest ideals of chivalry and self-sacrifice (D) A complex and contested phenomenon that continues to inspire both fascination and revulsion (E) An irrelevant and forgotten footnote in the annals of world history
7. The passage implies that the failure of the Crusades ultimately stemmed from: (A) The superior military might and tactical brilliance of the Muslim defenders (B) The internal divisions and political rivalries within the Crusader camp (C) The logistical challenges and resource constraints faced by the Crusader armies (D) The waning enthusiasm and support for the Crusades among the European populace (E) The inherent contradictions and moral compromises of the Crusader enterprise
8. The author's attitude towards the Crusaders can best be described as one of: (A) Unqualified admiration and reverence (B) Unequivocal condemnation and censure (C) Dispassionate objectivity and neutrality (D) Nuanced ambivalence and measured critique (E) Romanticized nostalgia and sentimental glorification
9. The passage suggests that the Crusades had a profound and enduring impact on which of the following aspects of human civilization? (A) The development of science, technology, and medicine in the Middle Ages (B) The spread of democracy, human rights, and individual liberties in the modern world (C) The advancement of intercultural dialogue, religious tolerance, and mutual understanding between East and West (D) The evolution of art, literature, and popular culture, as a source of inspiration and fascination for generations (E) The progress of economic globalization, free trade, and international commerce in the contemporary era
10. The central thesis of the passage can be best summarized as: (A) The Crusades were a glorious and unmitigated triumph of Western civilization over the forces of evil and barbarism. (B) The Crusades were a tragic and misguided enterprise that wrought untold suffering and devastation upon the world. (C) The Crusades were a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that defies simplistic categorization or moral judgment. (D) The Crusades were a noble and heroic struggle that epitomized the highest ideals of faith, courage, and self-sacrifice. (E) The Crusades were an irrelevant and insignificant episode in human history, with no lasting impact or consequences.

Answers:

1. (E) The diplomatic and trade relations between the Crusader states and the neighboring Muslim powers
2. (C) Momentous and transformative victories that shifted the balance of power in their favor
3. (B) 1 to 10, with 1 denoting the lowest level of importance and 10 the highest
4. (C) Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar
5. (A) Piety and pragmatism
6. (D) A complex and contested phenomenon that continues to inspire both fascination and revulsion
7. (E) The inherent contradictions and moral compromises of the Crusader enterprise
8. (D) Nuanced ambivalence and measured critique
9. (D) The evolution of art, literature, and popular culture, as a source of inspiration and fascination for generations
10. (C) The Crusades were a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that defies simplistic categorization or moral judgment.

杨翠花

CR，我的选项：DB，答案：DB
1. P：日本制造的高科技产品严重依赖稀有金属，但是中国拥有很多稀有金属却限制出口
C：为了解决稀有金属短缺，日本需要关注包含稀有金属的废弃产品。
加强题，立场：日本在废弃产品上能够找到稀有金属的方法是可行的
我选D：存在有效的、性价比高的方法从废弃产品上提取稀有金属【直接说可行】
逻辑链条：直接说因果关系

2. P：美国最大的花店售卖某种花占这个店总收入的30%。
C：这种花是全国最流行种植的花。
削弱题，立场：这种花并不是种植最受欢迎的花
我选B：这个店卖的大部分的花都是出于种植目的才去买的【因果倒置，并不是种植的多才好卖，是为了种植才去买得多】

Cutelinyi

RC1

P1-否定了之前斑岩铜沉积物是一种特殊的地质条件的研究。论据：有一些证据表明沉积物的形成是火山活动的副产物，但其实这一证明被否认，论据指出火山的沉积物无论在地形学还是成分上都是不稳定的。

P2-火山爆发对含有斑岩铜沉积物有很多因素.一是沉积物的年代和位置，但沉积物有相似的region；二只有很少的沉积在相同的年份被发展，且很少的沉积物斑岩的铜沉积，both出现是偶然；三对于斑岩纹理的理论在有两种冷却过程，一个是早期（水晶的形成），一个是晚期，残余岩浆岩浆在凉爽的环境快速形成表层；四岩石的后半部分是不规则的。五是说分布的不同。

总结实验室正确的，measure是合理的

RC2

P1-C对活动/战役的严密量化评估从1-10打分，介绍了这一量化评估的原理。

P2-P4-对于久经沙场的将领，每个人都有独特的方式；他们也会学习（相信）神学；会运用地理政治学及如何应用

P5-最终成为不可磨灭的历史经过light and darkness 是必要的条件.