[揽瓜阁精读] 262. 大熊猫Giant Panda和red bear

T7willG700

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Oli~

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P1-讲大熊猫的起源各种说法各种科学家的观点-他很讨人喜欢-从进化学角度来看却很麻烦很神秘-120多年生物学家在大熊猫的物种分类上争论不休-但是这个谜题现在已经明朗多了

P2-讲述具体的controversy-从1869开始-一个人-一个观点（有分类到熊里的，也有单独分类的AM）

P3-从那时开始就有很多关于大熊猫起源的论文发表-但是没有形成明确的共识-1964这个研究DD做的从解剖学角度和比较研究方法证明大熊猫是bear family的一员-之后DM RF认为属于浣熊家族-后面又是一个人+一个观点

P4-这些问题反映了生物学家在对物种进行分类的时候遇到的难题-引出同源理论-便于分类和研究迁移

P5-在发现是否同源的时候的问题是什么

P6-如果一个特点被共同拥有-会有相似之处-举例

薄荷柠檬

panda属于bear科还是raccoon科有争议，也有人说应该单独立一个科；并从两个原因解释为啥难定义熊猫的科属。

1.羞涩温柔的大熊猫生活在中国西南部的西藏高原竹林里。外形有辨识度且是珍稀动物。但是从进化学度说还有很多谜题，近120年生物学家对分类有分歧，放在狗熊科还是浣熊科。我和同事的研究解决了这个谜题。
2.争议开始于1869年第一次发现大熊猫，是被法国传教士和自然学家大卫在中国发现的。大卫把熊猫作为科学新物种，并起名为UM。接下来几年AM检测了大卫给他的骨骼物种，得出大熊猫更小或许是小熊猫，为不是狗熊。因为小熊猫起源于浣熊，M认为大熊猫保留了狗熊和棕熊的特点。他给熊猫更名为AM。
3.从那时起已经有40多篇研究大熊猫祖先的论文，但是没有达成之一。1964年DDD发布了AM的解剖记录，并且对比了50个熊猫器官系统，得出熊猫应该属于狗熊科。不久之后DM从行为学和形态学的角度得出熊猫应该属于浣熊科。最近形态学家JFE指出熊猫应该有自己的科目，中国科学家也支持这一点。
4.这个问题反映出组织学家用识别物种并定义和其他有机体关系的困难度。决定因素之一是是否有相似特点。如果特点相似，结果证明有相同祖先。所有哺乳动物有体毛，母性哺育后代，有四室心房。所有猫科动物有可伸缩爪子，后脚上有四个指头，瞳孔可伸缩。进化关系的程度取决于有多少个相同特点，两个物种相似点阅读，越有可能是相同科。
5.识别相似特点的困难时基因基础难懂。微小的形态学改变也许时有多基因重构形成的，因此代表分子层面在进化中有大跳跃。相反，熊猫外形相反指头这一点也许是微小的基因改变。
6.如果两个或更多物种时相似的，意味着这些物种有交叉点，不想管的组织在相似的环境中进化出相似结构。鸟和昆虫的翅膀就是交叉例子。他们有相同的功能但是进化过程不同。因为交叉特点不拥有相同祖先，会混淆推演过程，误导自然学家，比如说大熊猫。

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Fox的Dream

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Fox的Dream

262. 大熊猫Giant Panda和red bear
P1 - The Giant Panda is enigmatic from an evolutionary perspective. The author suggest the riddle has now been solved.
P2 - The controversy began in 1869.
       - P.A.D. believed the panda belong to a new species and named it Ursus melanoleucus
       - A.M.E believed the panda descend from an ancestor common to both bears and raccoons and named it Ailuropoda melanoleuca.
P3 - No clearcut consensus reached.
       -D.D.D. published that the panda was a member of the bear family.
       -R.F.E. concluded the giant panda belonged in the raccoon family.
       -J.F.E. recommended the panda be placed in its own family and the idea was endorsed by Chinese scienteists.
P4 - Suggest the problems be solved by identifing whether a chracter ishomologous or analogous to a similar character in another species.
P5 - One difficullty is to understand its genetic basis.
P6 - Convergent characters do not share a common descent and may confound the deductive process. That is the case with the giant panda.




Ailuropoda melanoleuca大熊猫
nomadic 游牧
alpine 高山
enigmatic 神秘莫测的
taxonomic 分类学
ursidae 熊科
procyonidae 浣熊科
ailuropodidae 大熊猫科
holdover 延续
treatise论文
curator馆长
ethologist生态学家
homologous同源的
mammalia哺乳纲
retractable可伸缩的
contractile可收缩的
pupils瞳孔
mophological形态
convergence趋同现象

adaiok

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小米儿Holand

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Nora小碗

main idea: describe the history of identifying giant panda's ancestry and illustrate the jargons of "homologous" and "analogous" to further explain that the species  placement of giant panda should be in its own species
structure:
p1. introduce the giant panda from its habitant and appearance and the debate on the placement of species
p2. further introduce debate, which mentioned above, from 1896. two different opinions
-awd named the giant panda u
-ame concluded that the panda was more similar to the lesser or red panda than to the  bear and its appearance was descended from the ancestor common to bears and raccoon and named it a
p3.a number of studies emerged while no consensus achieved.
- in 1964，ddd concluded giant panda belonged to the bear
-d m refuted and concluded it belonged to the raccoon from the grounds of behavior and morphology
- Chinese scientists concluded it belonged to its own species based on the anatomy evidence
p4. the difficulty is high lighted and the key decision to make is to make sure the giant panda is homologous or analogous
- homologous means that the species have common ancestors
- example of mammals and cats
-the more closely related, the more similar genesis is
p5 .difficulty of identifying homologous characteristic is that the genetic basis is rarely understood
- for example, the small morphological change and the apparent structural change result from genetic change in different degrees
p6.definition of analogous and its example
- different genes evolved to the similar direction when responding to environment
-the wings of birds and insects are analogous
-the giant panda is also a case of this type

new words:
nomadic life: 游牧生活
enigmatic: 神秘的
taxonomic: 分类的
holdover: 延期，剩余物
clearcut: 一清二白的
retractable: 可伸缩的 claws and contractile pupils: 收缩的瞳孔
convergence: 相交
confound the deductive process: 混淆演绎的过程