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揽瓜阁阅读第56篇-哥特文学
阅读时长:3min46s(看了两遍,不知所云)
文章大意:
18世纪90年代哥特式热潮发生的原因?
-MS的观点认为:它是法国文化大革命的产物,革命的血腥及恐怖将文学作品推向了暴力想象的方向,使人们适应现实。
-WH的看问题的方式让作者觉得更加平和。他认为R的浪漫主义小说也是当时摇摇欲坠的社会制度的反馈。
-评论家的观点:将哥特文学与法国革命放在一起是当代(哥特文学热时期)的产物,而不是后世回溯而产生的现象。这点可以从18世纪90年代中后期的评论家观点中看到。他们清楚哥特式恐怖来源于伯克利的崇拜。R和她的学派希望能通过当代美学将他们的文学作用推向高处,通过将崇拜和恐怖与悲剧结合起来。
-批判家的观点:认为哥特式文学作品是自负的,控诉这些作者是社会的纵火者,认为他们是激进派革命家,半文盲的暴民。
-作者的观点:需要小心看待这种过度的言论。“terrorist”这个污蔑有效,不是因为这些文章本身危险,而是它们可能并没有危险性。
全文总结:首先提出哥特式文学-可能的成因(通过两个学者的观点)-引出评论家以及批判家的观点-提出作者的观点(客观看待)
生词:
craze:狂热
collateral:抵押品;担保品;附属的;旁系的
tremor:震动;颤抖
totter:蹒跚;踉跄
retrospective:回顾的;回想的
Sublime: 庄严的;令人崇拜的;极端的;超群的
Cult:异教;异教组织
recourse:求助;援助
incendiary:纵火的;煽动性的
sansculotte:激进派革命家
mob:暴民;暴徒;民众
condescend:屈尊;谦逊
risible:可笑的
hobgoblin:妖怪
pretension:自负;要求;主张
全文理解:
Having confirmed that there was a Gothic craze during the 1790s, we can now ask, further, why did it happen? Once again literary history provides us with a piece of received wisdom: the Gothic explosion was collateral damage from the French Revolution. The most famous version of this opinion comes from the Marquis de Sade, who argued that the Gothic novels of Radcliffe and Lewis were "the necessary fruits of the revolutionary tremors felt by the whole of Europe". According to Sade's view, the bloody horrors of the revolution pushed novelists to new extremes of imaginary violence, as they stove to compete with the shocking reality. William Hazlitt's way of putting matters strikes me as more balanced. Radcliffe's romances "derived part of their interest, no doubt, from the supposed tottering state of all old structures at the time". Equating the Gothic with the French Revolution was a contemporary, rather than a retrospective phenomenon, as we can see from the currency of the smearing pun "the terrorist system of novel writing" employed by reviewers during the latter half of the 1790s (Clery, Rise of Supernatural Fiction.pp. 147-48). The reviewers knew full well that Gothic terror derived from the Burkean cult of the sublime, as the Dissenting critic Anna Laetitia Aikin famously explained in her essay, "On the pleasure Derived from Objects of Terror". The recourse to the sublime adopted by Radcliffe and her school was partly a desire to exploit contemporary aesthetic fashions and partly an attempt to pitch their work toward the high end of the literary market, for sublimity and terror were associated with tragedy and epic, the two most prestigious literary forms - a strategy that would later pay off handsomely for William Wordsworth. By linking Burke's terror with Robespierre's in the limited case of romances by women writters, critics stripped the Gothic of its high literary pretensions, implicitly accusing its authors of being social incendiaries, while figuring them as literary sansculottes: in other words, as a semiliterate mob. One needs to be careful about overstating the case. The adjective "terrorist" smeared, but it also condescended by making "terror" writers the object of a risible pun. The smear worked, not because writers of "hobgoblin romance" were dangerous, but because they palpably were not.
在确认了18世纪90年代有一股哥特式热潮后,我们现在可以进一步问,为什么发生这种情况?文学史再一次给我们提供了一条公认的智慧:哥特爆炸是法国大革命的附带损害。这一观点最著名的版本来自于MS,她提出Radcliffe和Lewis的哥特式小说是“整个欧洲感受到革命震动的必然果实”。根据MS的观点,革命的血腥恐怖将小说家推向了虚构暴力的新极端,因为它们开始与令人震惊的现实竞争。WH处理问题的方式让我感到更加平衡。Radcliff的爱情小说“毫无疑问,部分兴趣来自于当时所有旧结构的摇摇欲坠”。把哥特与法国大革命等同起来是一种同时代的现象,而不是一种回顾的现象,正如我们从18世纪90年代后半期评论家使用的“小说写作的恐怖主义体系”这个带有抹黑以为的双关语中所看到的那样(Clery, 《超自然小说的崛起》,147-48)。正如持不同意见的批判家ALA在她的文章《论从恐怖物品中获取的快乐》中解释的那样,评论家们非常清楚哥特式的恐怖是源于伯克利式的崇高崇拜。Radcliffe和她的学派所采用的对崇高的追求,一部分是为了利用当代的审美潮流,另一部分是为了将它们的作品推向高端文学市场。因为崇高和恐怖与悲剧和史诗这两种文学形式联系在一起-这一策略后来为William Wordsworth提供了回报。通过将伯克利的恐怖与Robespierre的恐怖在女性作家的浪漫小说的有限情况下联系起来,评论家们剥去了哥特式文学的崇高自命,含蓄的指责它的作者是社会纵火者,同时把他们描述为文学上的无教养的人:换句话说,半文盲的暴民。人们需要小心,不要夸大事实。“恐怖分子“这个形容词被抹黑了,但是它也屈就了,让”恐怖“作家称为一个可笑的双关语的对象。诽谤起作用了,不仅因为”妖怪小说“的作者是危险的,而是因为他们明显是不危险的。 |
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