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[语文] 高智威阅读机经26+1分析

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发表于 2012-12-20 22:03:15 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
看来看去发现关于26+1的分析讲解真是少之又少,昨天刚刚问了一圈有没有人做解析,没有音讯。等待不如靠自己,那我就自己来做好了,希望能带动更多的人一起加入。全当是攒人品了吧。希望有分析的不全和错误的地方,大家积极指出呀。
本人绝非牛人,正好相反,对GRE绝对是菜鸟,菜鸟啊。那些动辄就V160+的情况绝对不会在我身上出现。报了明年1月的G,北美地区考试。
二楼放第一篇解析。
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-20 23:20:09 | 显示全部楼层
我比较认同吃透文章而不是单纯依靠技巧,所以我的分析大多也是针对文章内容胜于题目。不知道我可以可以放原文啊,有版权问题吗??这次就先不放了吧。

第一篇的主题是乙醇汽油。个人认为这是篇比较典型的总-分结构文章。全文一共四段,简单来说,第一段讲cleaner fuels比gasoline好;第二段讲cleaner fuels为啥好;第三段讲cleaner fuels里的ethanol 和 methanol 比其他的cleaner fuels好,且methanol比ethanol好;最后一段讲虽然很多人critize了methanol,但methanol依然好。嘛,每一段的内容都是上一段内容的细分。

第一段一共就2句话,个人感觉目的在于引出话题。作者说哎呀虽然最近几年私家车排放的pollatant量减少了,但是私家车数量在增加,所以很多地方排放量还是超标。要解决这个问题呢,唯一有效的办法就是用cleaner fuel代替gasoline。个人认为这是个很典型的argu思路啊,总量减少不代表问题就解决了,结果第20题就考了这点,让找出结构和第一句话类似的一句。第19题也考了这个点,问哪个选项关于污染的论述可以得到文章支持。文章主张的就是cleaner fuel 替代gasoline,言外之意就是pollatant排放量减少是不解决根本问题的,因为有可能私家车数量的增加导致污染还是超标。

第二段一共6句话,可以分成三层。第一层是前两句,作者在解释cleaner fuel怎么个好法,因为它molecule更小更简单。所以它就有更少的carbon-carbon bonds,产生的臭氧更少,所以更清洁。第二层是中间两句,作者用的是同样的思路说gasoline怎么个不好,因为它molecule大,所以carbon-carbon bonds多,所以反应更复杂,所以更有可能燃烧不充分,所以就产生污染物质了。我在写这两层的时候用的都是“因为啥所以啥”的格式,因为这就是这段最主要的特点,因果关系。第18题就考了这里,问gasoline为啥更有可能燃烧不充分,用上面的关系反推,答案当然是因为反应太多太复杂。第三层作者小小讲了一下cleaner fuel的缺点,概括起来就两点,一个是efficiency的问题,因为它需要装一个更大更重的油箱;第二个是供应问题。

第三段三句话,作者挑了cleaner fuel中的两个来讲,Ethanol and methanol,因为它们更effective,对现存输油网络的改动也最小。然后作者就比较了一下e和m,结果发现e比m贵两倍啊!而且m最大的好处(most,这里有考题)是它可以让臭氧的排放降低90%。第21题就问了m最大的好处是啥,我就莫名其妙的错选成m便宜了,其实应该是降低臭氧排放。

第四段五句话,作者发现好多人说m不好。批评是基于一种观点,认为一个叫“gasoline clone”的车没法通过改装设计来使用m燃料。后面还举了个例子支持这个观点。但是(however),作者认为另外一种叫“methanol-fueled”的车比gasoline clone车对m的使用更efficient,更省燃料。所以这种车对降低污染还是可以做出贡献滴。第22题考了这里,问可以推断出methanol-fueled车的啥特点,答案是更efficient。这题我当时做对了,但回头看却怎么都想不明白为啥选它了。可能是因为这一段对我来说难度最大,各种句子结构看不懂,逻辑又混乱,希望有大牛来帮我分析分析这一段啊!第23题也考这里,问作者对认为m不好的观点的看法,答案是作者认为这种批评有缺陷,因为它based on的观点是有缺陷的。由于这段实在没看大明白,所以我也说不出个啥所以然来了。诚邀各路G友一起讨论,并且再次呼叫牛人解答困惑!

最后补充一下这篇文章的第一道题,17题。问的是整篇文章作者关注的是啥,答案是讨论了一个问题并且支持了一种解决方法。
发表于 2012-12-20 23:55:29 | 显示全部楼层
好,希望更多人都加入进来
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-20 23:58:15 | 显示全部楼层
多谢斑竹支持!
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-22 11:23:39 | 显示全部楼层
酱,我又来了。今天分析第三篇。之所以没有分析第二篇,是因为我实在是没有太搞清楚这篇文章,无论翻译、句型还是逻辑结构。希望斑竹和同学们可以动用身边的资源,大家一起来补档呀,讨论呀,攒人品呀!!!
首先先把第一篇的原文和题目补上,方便大家阅读。声明,阅读原文和题目全部来自“高智威GRE阅读机经考古还原26+1篇2.0版”。感谢辛苦编纂机经的人们。

Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual
motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequently, more than 100
cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone
(generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally
established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further
reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to
replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.

All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than
those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if
and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The
combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex
series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more
likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere.
On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that
vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks—a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel
efficiency—and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.

Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based
alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in
the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement,
but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive
features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the
vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.

Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on
the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design
improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a
given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel
fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier.
However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than
“gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel.
Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes
feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.

17. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
(A) countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem
(B) reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem
(C) identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem
(D) discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it
(E) outlining a plan of action to solve a problem and discussing the obstacles blocking that plan

18. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than
with an alternative fuel because
(A) the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons
(B) the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions
(C) gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure
(D) gasoline is composed of small molecules.
(E) gasoline is a carbon-based fuel

19. The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution?
(A) Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not
help lower urban air-pollution levels.
(B) Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle
emits have been largely unsuccessful.
(C) Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants
emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
(D) Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source
of urban air pollution.
(E) Reductions in pollutants emitted by individual vehicles have been offset by
increases in pollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles.

20. which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of
the passage?
(A) Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase,
the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.
(B) Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can
be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.
(C) Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s
water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total
population of the town.
(D) Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding
a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the
country continues to increase.
(E) Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the
number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.

21. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of methanol?
(A) It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.
(B) It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution
system.
(C) It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.
(D) Its use would make design improvements in individual vehicles feasible.
(E) Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.

22. It can be inferred from the passage that a vehicle specifically designed to use methanol for
fuel would
(A) be somewhat lighter in total body weight than a conventional vehicle fueled
with gasoline
(B) be more expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle fueled with
gasoline
(C) have a larger and more powerful engine than a conventional vehicle fueled
with gasoline
(D) have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled
with methanol
(E) average more miles per gallon than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with
methanol

23. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism of methanol
in the last paragraph as
(A) flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based
(B) inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments
(C) misguided because of its exclusively technological focus
(D) inaccurate because it ignores consumers’ concerns
(E) invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics

答案:DBACEEA
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-22 11:29:49 | 显示全部楼层
接下来是第三篇的原文。第三篇主要讲的是一部名为 the color purple(紫色)的小说。不知是因为什么原因,这篇文章没有题目(这种情况在26+1中还有挺多的),所以我就分析一下这篇文章的内容吧。同时,“26+1”的作者指出LSAT 第22 套 SECTION IV的第一篇文章是与本文相关的文章。我想只读文章是不够的,还是要做做题,所以就把这篇LSAT做了,后面也会有这篇LSAT文章的分析,敬请期待!
下面先放第三篇的原文,不长。

The publication of The Color Purple transformed Alice Walker from an indubitably serious black
writer whose fiction belonged to a tradition of gritty, if occasionally "magical," realism into a popular
novelist, with all the perquisites and drawbacks attendant on that position. Unlike either The Third Life
of Grange Copland (1970) or Meridian (1976), The Color Purple gained immediate and widespread public acceptance, winning both the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award for 1982-83. At the
same time, however, it generated immediate and widespread critical unease over what appeared to be
manifest flaws in its composition. Robert Towers, writing in the New York Review of Books,
concluded that on the evidence of The Color Purple "Alice Walker still has a lot to learn about plotting
and structuring what is clearly intended to be a realistic novel." His opinion was shared by many
reviewers, who pointed out variously that in the last third of the book the narrator-protagonist Celie and
her friends are propelled toward a fairytale happy ending with more velocity than credibility; that the
letters from Nettie, with their disconcertingly literate depictions of life in an African village, intrude
into the middle of the main action with little apparent motivation or warrant; and that the device of the
letters to God is especially unrealistic in as much as it foregoes the concretizing details that
traditionally have given the epistolatory form its peculiar verisimilitude: the secret
writing-place, the cache, the ruses to enable posting letters, and especially the letters received in return.
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-22 12:15:28 | 显示全部楼层
这篇文章很短,一共五句话。和第一篇一样,也是总分结构。
第一句话讲这部小说带来了一个大转变。从第一句话的结构看,个人认为这个转变可以分为两个层次。第一个层次是Alice Walker这个人的转变,她从一个serious black writer变成了一个popular novelist。第二个层次是Alice Walker的作品风格的转变,从gritty, if occasionally "magical," realism变成既有perquisites又有drawbacks。很显然,虽然处在从句的位置上,但第二个层次更重要一些,因为下文都是围绕perquisites和drawbacks展开的。第二句就讲明了perquisites是啥,又是普利策奖又是美国国家图书奖,看来确实是个不小的福利。而后面三句讲的全是小说的缺陷。Robert Towers指出了这部小说的一个缺陷,立即被众人扩散,最后一句的三个分句就是大家找出的缺陷。
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-22 12:26:43 | 显示全部楼层
下面贴出的是与这篇文章相关的一篇LSAT文章,这篇文章讲的并不是《紫色》这部小说,而是对《紫色》的作者Alice Walker产生巨大影响的另一部小说Their Eyes Were Watching God (《凝望上帝》)。
再次声明,原文出自LSAT 第22 套 SECTION IV的第一篇文章

Many literary scholars believe that Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) has been the primary influence on some of the most accomplished Black women writing in the United States today. Indeed, Alice Walker, the author of the prize-winning novel The Color Purple, has said of Their Eyes, “There is no book more important to me than this one.” Thus, it seems necessary to ask why Their Eyes, a work now viewed by a multitude of readers as remarkably successful in its complex depiction of a Black woman’s search for self and community, was ever relegated to the margins of the literary canon.

The details of the novel’s initial reception help answer this question. Unlike the recently rediscovered and reexamined work of Harriet Wilson, Their Eyes was not totally ignored by book reviewers upon its publication. In fact, it received a mixture of positive and negative reviews both from White book reviewers working for prominent periodicals and from important figures within Black literary circles. In the Saturday Review of Literature, George Stevens wrote that “the narration is exactly right, because most of it is dialogue and the dialogue gives us a constant sense of character in action.” The negative criticism was partially a result of Hurston’s ideological differences with other members of the Black Americans in literature. Black writers of the 1940s believed that the Black artist’s primary responsibility was to create protest fiction that explored the negative effects of racism in the United States. For example, Richard Wright, the author of the much acclaimed Native Son (1940), wrote that Their Eyes had “no theme” and “no message”. Most critics’ and readers’ expectations of Black literature rendered them unable to appreciate Hurston’s subtle delineation of the life of an ordinary Black woman in a Black community and the novel went quietly out of print.

Recent acclaim for Their Eyes results from the emergence of feminist literary criticism and the development of standards of evaluation specific to the work of Black writers; these kinds of criticism changed readers’ expectations of art and enabled them to appreciate Hurston’s novel. The emergence of feminist criticism was crucial because such criticism brought new attention to neglected works such as Hurston’s and alerted readers to Hurston’s exploration of women’s issues in her fiction. The Afrocentric standards of evaluation were equally important to the rediscovery of Their Eyes, for such standards provided readers with the tools to recognize and appreciate the Black folklore and oral storytelling traditions Hurston incorporated within her work. In one of the most illuminating discussions of the novel to date, Henry Louis Gates Jr., states that “Hurston’s strategy seems to concern itself with the possibilities of representation of the speaking Black voice in writing.”

1.The passage suggests which one of the following about Harriet Wilson’s novel?
(A) It was written at the same time as Their Eyes Were Watching God, but it did not receive as much critical attention.
(B) It greatly influenced Black women writing after the 1940s.
(C) It was widely read when it was published but it has not received attention from literary critics until recently.
(D) It was not formally published, and the manuscript has only recently been discovered by literary critics.
(E) It did not receive critical attention when it was published, but it has recently become the subject of critical study.

2.The passage offers support for which one of the following statements about literary reviewers and Their Eyes Were Watching God?
(A) Their Eyes was widely acclaimed by reviewers upon its publication, even though it eventually went out of print.
(B) The eventual obscurity of Their Eyes was not the result of complete neglect by reviewers.
(C) Some early reviewers of Their Eyes interpreted the novel from a point of view that later became known as Afrocentric.
(D) Their Eyes was more typical of the protest fiction of the 1940s than reviewers realized.
(E) Most early reviewers of Their Eyes did not respond positively to the book.

3.Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
(A) Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God had little in common with novels written by Blank authors during the 1940s.
(B) Feminist critics and authors such as Alice Walker were instrumental in establishing Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God as an important part of the American literary canon.
(C) Critics and readers were unable to appreciate fully Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God until critics applied new standards of evaluation to the novel.
(D) Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God was an important influence on the protest fiction written by Black writers in the mid-twentieth century.
(E) Afrocentric strategies of analysis have brought attention to the use of oral storytelling traditions in novels written by Black Americans such as Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.

4.According to the passage which one of the following is true of Black folklore traditions as used in literature written in the United States?
(A) They are an aspect of Black American literature first recognized and written about by Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
(B) They were not widely incorporated into novels written by Black Americans until after the 1940s.
(C) They were first used by a novelist in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.
(D) They were not incorporated into novels published by Black Americans in the 1940s.
(E) They are an aspect of Black literature that some readers did not fully appreciate until relatively recently.

5.The passage suggests that Native Son differs from Their Eyes Were Watching God in which one of the following ways?
(A) It received fewer positive reviews at the time of its publication than did Their Eyes.
(B) It is less typical of literature written by Black Americans during the 1940s than is Their Eyes.
(C) It is less focused on an ordinary individual’s search for self within a Black community than is Then Eyes.
(D) It denies more aspects of Black American folklore than does Their Eyes.
(E) It has received more attention from feminist and Afrocentric literary critics than Their Eyes.

6.Which one of the following provides the clearest example of the kind of fiction that many Black writers of the 1940s, as their views are described in the passage, believed should be written?
(A) a novel that focuses on the interrelationships among four generations of Black women
(B) a historical novel that re-creates actual events that occurred as Black people suffered from oppression and racial injustice in a small town
(C) a novel, based on biographical stories orally relayed to the author as a child, that describes the development of traditions in a Black family
(D) a novel that explores the psychological aspects of a relationship between a White man and a Black man as they work together to organize protests against unjust working conditions
(E) a novel that examines the different ways in which three Black children experience their first day of school in a rural community

7.The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the relationship between art and literary criticism?
(A) The long-term reputation of a work of art is less dependent on the response of literary critics than on the response of readers and authors.
(B) Experimental works of fiction are usually poorly received and misunderstood by literary critics when they are first published.
(C) The response of literary critics to a work of art can be determined by certain ideological perspectives and assumptions about the purpose of art.
(D) Literary critics do not significantly affect the way most people interpret and appreciate literature.
(E) The ideological bases of a work of art are the first consideration of most literary critics.

8.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) correct a misconception
(B) explain a reassessment
(C) reconcile two points of view
(D) criticize a conventional approach
(E) announce a new discovery
 楼主| 发表于 2012-12-23 00:24:00 | 显示全部楼层
答案 EBCECBCB

第一段3句话,用来引出话题。第一句讲《凝望上帝》这部小说影响了很多当今的黑人女作家。紧接着,第二句就举了一个例子,比如《紫色》的作者Alice Walker。最后一句要承启下文了,作者说“所以我们就很有必要来探讨一下为啥这部现在大家看来非常成功的作品在当时却被忽视了”而文章后面两段也确实分别阐述了它为啥被忽视,又是为啥被重视起来的。

第二段一共8句话,全部都是在说这部小说在当时被忽视的原因。第一句指明了要从“这部小说推出之初大家的反应”中找答案。紧接着,第二、三句就是在说大家的反应是啥样的。作者说《凝望上帝》其实并非一开始就被忽视,恰恰相反它获得了白人和黑人、正面和负面的评价。紧接着,第四、五句就分别描述了这些评价。第四句讲白人评论家觉得它好,第五句讲黑人作家觉得它不好,因为它和当时其他黑人作家写的小说都不一样。第2题就问了这里,《凝望上帝》这部小说不出名并不是因为被完全忽视,而是先被关注和讨论,然后黑人作家觉得它和自己的小说都不一样,然后才被忽视。紧接着,第六七八句就讲了哪不一样,为啥这个不一样就让黑人作家觉得这部小说不好了。第六句讲区别,1940s的黑人作家认为它们的作品就是应该是只描写种族歧视和黑人反抗的作品。所以,第七句引用了Richard Wright对《凝望上帝》的评价,说这部小说 “no theme”  “no message”就是因为它没有描写大家认为黑人小说应该写的这些东西,而只是讲述了一个黑人女孩在黑人社会里成长的经历。第5题考了一个相关的点,要求对比《凝望上帝》和Richard Wright的作品,其实也就是问《凝望上帝》和1940s的黑人小说的区别,答案就是1940s的小说是不关心《凝望上帝》所描写的东西的(一个普通个体在整个黑人群体里的成长经历)。第6题,要求选出一个典型的1940s黑人小说的例子,当然选的是有protest和种族歧视的选项。最后作者一句话总结了这部小说被忽视的原因,是因为大家对黑人小说的期望(expectations)阻碍了大家欣赏这部小说,所以它就静悄悄的绝版了。注意,这句总结在下一段再一次被提起,因为它同样也是这部小说被再次关注的原因,并且在下文出现了考点。补充一下第一题,考点出在本段第二句,作者小小对比了一下《凝望上帝》和Harriet Wilson的小说,说“不像Harriet Wilson的小说最近才被关注,《凝望上帝》这部小说并非在一开始就被忽视”,言外之意无非是说Harriet Wilson的小说从一出版就被忽视了,直到最近才受关注。

第三段四句话,阐述的是为啥后来大家的态度转变了。第一句给出了两个原因,一个叫feminist literary criticism,它改变了大家对艺术的期望。(上文最后一句总结的观点再次出现了,可见大家对艺术的期望的变化带动了大家对艺术作品的评价的变化。第7题考到了这里。),一个叫the development of standards of evaluation。紧接着,第二三句分别解释了为啥这两个原因对大家态度的转变那么重要。第二句讲feminist literary criticism重要有两个原因,一是让大家关注以往被忽视的作品,二是使大家开始关注这部小说所描写的女性问题。第三、四句讲The Afrocentric standards of evaluation重要是因为它给大家提供了一种媒介去欣赏小说中出现的the Black folklore and oral storytelling traditions。第4题考了这里,选的是这种the Black folklore and oral storytelling traditions是在standards of evaluation发展以后才被大家渐渐欣赏的。第3题也考在这里,选的是这部小说是在standards of evaluation变化以后才被大家欣赏的。但是这里我有一个疑问,因为我第一次做选的是A选项,也没觉得有什么不对,希望有人能给我解答一下。

这一篇里我用了好几个“紧接着”,是因为这篇文章的逻辑特点就是这样,层层递进。上一句给一个观点,下一句马上就解释,再下一句举个例子继续解释。同时,从这篇文章的题目也可以看出,有的题并不是只单纯的考一句话或一段的内容,而是综合了上下文,需要我们自己把信息整合一下再做判断。
发表于 2012-12-23 10:39:33 | 显示全部楼层
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