GWD 12 阅读第一篇 Q7

zxzhyzcy

又想了半天，觉得不管Ｂ还是Ｅ，错就错在：

ＣＬＡＹ只是说他的实验无法证明鸟到底有没有Ｅ　memory的能力

而这并不意味着ＣＬＡＹ就相信鸟一定没有Ｅ　memory的能力

不管这个想法对不对，都要闪开这个帖子了……实在是太费力了～唉～～

nickynicky

I choose E because of the "distinctive"

E The binding of different kind of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory

如果什么东西是distinctive feature of episodic memory, 是不是可以理解成，只要有这个东西，就可以判断出有episodic memory。这个feature是episodic memory和其他东西区分的一个feature.

如果the binding of different kind of information(这个能力实验中的那个动物是有的）时episodic memory的distinctive feature,那么Clayton就可以得出结论：这个实验中的动物是有episodic memory的能力的。

nickynicky

逻辑简图好像也支持E呀。有没有大牛解惑？

1.        GWD-12-Q4 -Q7关于Episodic Memory的一个实验（实验内容：小鸟藏食物）

      The term “episodic memory” was

       introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

       considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line       the ability to recollect specific past events,

  (5)      to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

 (10)      jays to remember the type, location, and

       freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.  Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.  Jays

 (25)      prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

 (30)      information about the what, the where,

and the when.  Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

       reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.  Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

现象解释

逻辑简图：episodic memory introduced by T to refer to…. C developed criteria to test for episodic jays…. Such experiments cannot however, reveal…. C acknowledged…

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GWD-12-Q4:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

A.      explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation反

B.     describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations逻辑简图

C.     present similarities between human memory and animal memory

D.     point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human

E.     account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment

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GWD-12-Q5:

According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays

             

A.      recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information不是fact

B.     are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time不是fact

C.     choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time定位line25-33

D.     choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available

E.     prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period不符

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GWD-12-Q6:

The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to

             

1. choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade无关

2. unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions无关

3. bind together information about different aspects of a single past event

showing that they retain
            information about the what, the where,
            and the when. 

4. reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly反

5. distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event无关

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GWD-12-Q7:

It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

 

A.      Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.否则最后就不会说C acknowledged….

B.     Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.

C.     The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.无关

D.     Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.

E.     The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

The term “episodic memory” was
                introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
                considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events,
                to travel back into the past in one’s own
                mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
                to use information acquired through past
                experiences. 

songyeonpp

以下是引用whoami2在2005-2-20 0:04:00的发言：

GWD 12 Q-7 我的看法是选 E。即

E. The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

我的理由是，首先试验证明鸟也可以binding of different kinds of information。这点大家都没不同意见吧。

但文章倒数第二句话说Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were re-experiencing the past when retrieving the information. 这里的 re-experiencing 对应了文章开头T说的to travel back into the past...就是说，鸟的 “episodic-like” memory 和人的  episodic- memory，其共同点是binding ... information, 但不同点是鸟不能（或者说试验无法证明）re-experiencing。因此我选E.

A的不足之处确实不明显，但有个地方让我感觉不太大好：

Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory

这个选项本身是没有错误的，但选项的问题问的是，both Tulving and Clayton would agree。我们从何处可以infer Tulving的态度呢？文中提到T的说法只有一句，就是说he considered a uniquely human capacity。这个态度很坚决或者说明确，但我们不知道他这么说的主要理据在哪里。夸张点说，如果T的主要理据是在其他地方而不是这个鸟试验所测试的部分，那说不定他认为这个鸟试验连 evidence 都算不上，更别说 conclusive evidence 了

所以比较之下我认为E是答案

同意a错。因为在文中只解释了T提出的概念。对于C则描述了他的实验和解释。因此要从两个人概念上的相同处入手。

spyder1011

转贴以下我在另外各帖子里的发言，愚见还望不要见笑

严重同意E。原文说EM应该是信息的组合，没有说组合信息是EM的特有。而且文中没有说C的实验是检验动物有没有EM的，注意原话是sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

根据文章：

a uniquely human capacity—
the ability to recollect specific past events,
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences

在T的定义下，EM distinct的东西包括the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind两点，换言之binding info（原字原句首次出现在下文c的实验中）不属于distinct的东西。文章最后C也acknowledge不能仅凭他的实验就证明有EM（如果是distinctive的特征那应当可以，换言之不是）。T和C的观点都可以从原文找到依据，E正确

A 原文只说了C承认这个观点，没有说T对这个的观点。而且这个选项写的相当的直白，不符合惯例。

hksdhfweiuwh

看了这个千年长贴，也想写写自己的看法。我原来选E，现在支持A。理由如下：

E错在binding of different kinds of information这个概念T先生没有，因此无法做出评价。顺带说一句，C先生应该是同意的，因为他认为小鸟的行为是"episodic-like"行为，就说明他觉得"episodic" 和" episodic-like"两种行为都有这种性质，因此它不是distinctive的。

B错在C先生不同意，就像前面说过的，C不知道小鸟是否reexperience the past through memory，因此不会同意这个有结论的观点。T倒是会同意，因为他认为这是人类特有的。

也就是说E错在C同意T不能同意（注意是不能表示同意，而不是不同意），B错在T同意而C不能同意

下面说A

A的观点C先生同意是显然的，因为他的实验能证明use information about a specific past event的能力，却自己承认不能证明episodic memory。T先生也是同意的。重点在于原文第六行（episodic memory) as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experience。可以看出T明显认为情景记忆和ability to use information ... 是不一样的，因此证明了能利用过去的信息当然不是情景记忆的充分条件，T同意的是这个不充分，因为他知道两者不一样。所以虽然他不知道这个实验，依然可以同意这个结论不充分。A正确

SuccessMBA08

看了楼上分析的，清楚多了！！

lupisces

A.      Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory

B.       Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.试验不能证明动物有，不代表动物没有

C.      The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.

D.      Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.

E.       The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.
            T说这2个东西是不同的，没说是不是distinctive feature

A其实就是T意见的改写，只是加了一个animal

E确实挺迷惑的

guoyun622

对于这一题,看了这么多前辈的解释,我有一个自己的想法,希望可以给大家一些思路.

A中,C的实验不能证明动物的episodic memory,因此他同意。T认为人类才独有这个能力，正因为他的观点在前，就他那时的立场来说，即使有人证明了动物有这个能力，他也不会这么认为。就好象一本书中作者观点是GMAT对大家来说很简单，我一个读者认为GMAT对我很难但我不能证明是不是对别人也难，所以我们都不会同意GMAT对别人很难。

而B的错误在于，这是T的观点。C说了他的实验结论不能解释，不代表就否认了他自己的原假设。比如我没办法使你信我GMAT难，但我未必就不这么想。

sumerlaw

第7题选A
文章的问的是：能从文章中推出T和C都同意什么。
C的观点大家根据最后几句话都知道了，那么B就不对，因为文中说的是Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information。注意whether表明了C对reexperiencing的不肯定。
E，T根本没有提到过什么binding different kinds of information.这个理论是C为了检验T的episodic menmery自己发展出来的。注意文中开头的subsequently后的一句话。
A，根据文中的实验C肯定不同意的，再根据前面对T的episodic memory的介绍，注意这句as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences
和A答案的Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory吻合。

ps：这篇文章读上去不难，但是题目设计很暗藏玄机啊，当时选A是靠感觉的，没想到有这么道理。

总之一切都要从文章中得出，不要主观臆断。