【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-13】

ElenW

精练(22'9)
Bg:High school students often drop out before graduating and go to work.But last year the rate was decreased.
pre:the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school
students
con:The program has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
(weaken)
Pre:The conclusion should be attacked.Because it not complete.There are some another reasons to lead this result.
Ans:A
B-I think it is a shell game answer
C-no impact
D-no impact
E-not complete
逻辑链49(30'4)
Bg:An overly centralized economy is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power.
pre: Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions
con:agricultural production has been falling in Country X,bening rising in country Y
(weaken)
Pre:Although these countries have experienced the same climatic conditions, the agricultural production has different typies
Ans
A-not the issue
B-no impact
C-the simulu has raised that
E-irrelveant
50(21'13)
Bg:Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation.
pre:when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences
con:most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.
(support)
Pre:the research is the subject,and they worry about the scientist who wins renown would be lost in the future.
Ans
A-no impact
B-not the issue and it vilify the scientists,
C-itself is not correct
E-irrelveant

srafcatt

精炼题
30s weaken
high school stu high dropout rate--this yr the rate lower than the last yr--the reason:two yr program
weaken by menly lower than last yr,so what?
choice:C
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.  irrelevant
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.  strenghten
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.  irrelevant
(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.   correct,it offers another explanation.
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.  strenghten
逻辑链
1. 26s  weaken
overly centralized eco--poor agri production in X
weaken by me:Y is centralized, too
choice
(A) Industrial production also is declining in Country X. irrelevant
(B) Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.  irrelevant
(C) Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.  strenghten
(D) The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.  correct
(E) Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods  irrelevant

2，39s  assumption
scientist regard people with same motivation as collegue--when they win renown they no longer do so.
my assumption: those won renown will no longer willing to do research.
choice
(A) serious scientific research is not a solitary activity, but relies on active cooperation among a group of colleagues irrelevant
(B) research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy irrelevant
(C) a scientist can become a famous popularizer without having completed any important research ridiculous
(D) research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research  correct
(E) no important new research can be accessible to or accurately assessed by those who are not themselves scientists  nonsense
3. 29s inference
premise：2 division--pharmacenticals 20 sales & 40 profits
                    chemical for the balance
my inference: may be it is time to enlarge the sales and profits by expanding the pharmacenticals department.
choice:C
(A) Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.    what is dollar sales?
(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division. not convincing
(C) The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.   correct
(D) The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.  who knows?it isn't mentioned.
(E) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of those of the pharmaceuticals division.  not mentioned.

4.  25s  assumption
innovation paid by races,while normal bike paid by normal people.
my assumption: the way to support innovation can only come from sales.
choice:C
(A) The market for cheap, traditional bicycles cannot expand unless the market for high-performance competition bicycles expands. irrelevant
(B) High-performance bicycles are likely to be improved more as a result of technological innovations developed in small workshops than as a result of technological innovations developed in major manufacturing concerns.     the workshop is not mentioned
(C) Bicycle racers do not generate a strong demand for innovations that fall outside what is officially recognized as standard for purposes of competition.  CORRECT
(D) The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers results primarily from their desire to manufacture a product that can be sold without being altered to suit different national markets. this is the opposite of the fact listed in the question stem.
(E) The authorities who set standards for high-performance bicycle racing do not keep informed about innovative bicycle design. same reason as the choice D

srafcatt

纠错：精炼题
再次因为 偷换对象选错答案。 这里面有一个规律：首先要找到题干在谈论的中心。本题是high school dropout。然后是找逻辑关系：本题是一个两年的鼓舞士气的项目使high school dropout 下降的。


(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.  
分析：
这里的recession 和unemployment 联系起来了，是因果关系，题干中提到了辍学的学生的去向——go to work所以本选项的逻辑链补充在：recession--unemployment--无法go to work--dropout rate is lower.



(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.  
分析：
偷换对象的选项会造成逻辑链断裂：
本项逻辑链是：placement office--graduates employment    so what？那些称得上要辍学的还未毕业，轮不上呀。想工作，辍学好了，用你帮忙找工作。
因此，骗局（shell game）常常给出相似的概念，如果本项是学校帮助所有学生找工作，只要他们不辍学，还好一点，只可惜，听起来也没有A项那么有说服力。因为可以有人说，我现在就工作，不用你找。而A是自己找不到工作，不得不留下来了。

hanhan1991

1.weaken
1)time:28'/1''06'
2)logical lines：
students who feel not succeeding in school often dropout and go to work.
last year's dropout rate declined->the program of improving students moral works.
3)Prediction:
There must be some reason other than implementing the program that leads the reduced dropout rate. For example, because of the unfavorable economic situation, student may found hard to find a job last year, so they stayed at school.
4)Answer:A
A.the same as prediction
B.slighly strengthen the argument.
C.irrelevant.
D.irrelevant.
E.irrelevant.

2.weaken
1)time:24'/50'
2)logical lines：
agricultural corps grew well in country Y but not in country X though these two countries experienced the same climate condition last year.->it is the centralized economy but not the climate caused the low producation of corps in country X.
3)Prediction:
In order to weaken the argument, we need to prove that it is the climate that affacted the growth of the corps in country X. Possibly, the kinds of corps cultivated in X and Y are different, so these two kinds of corps may adjust to different climate.
4)answer

3.assumption
1)time:35'/1''06'
2)logical lines:
scientist consider themselves and their colleagues with the goal of doing important new research.->?->any scientist renow as an expounder of science to general public are not the real scientist.
3)prediction:
There's a gap in the logical lines, so we need to fill in the gap that any scientists who renown as an expounder of science to general public are not with the goal of doing important new research.
4)answer

4.must be true
1)time:34'/1''03'
2)logical lines:
pharmaceutical divisions has accounted for 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits.
3)Prediction:
the chemical division accounted for 80 percent of dollar sales and 60 percent of profits, so the profits per dollar are higher for pharmacetical division.
4)answer:C

5.assumption
1)time:32'/1''16'
2)logical lines:
innovation reflect people's buying tendency & the main buyer are cycle racers->?->the innovations are limitied to the standards of competition race.
3)Predication:
there's a gap in the reasoning, so we need to fill in it. cycle racers' desire to buy the new innovation are limited by the standards of competition race.
4)answer:C

zxppx

2.

High school students who feel that they are not
succeeding in high school often drop out before
graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the
city’s high school dropout rate was significantly
lower than the previous year’s rate. This is
encouraging evidence that the program instituted
two years ago to improve the morale of high school
students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.

The argument attributes the lower high school dropout to the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students. In order to weaken the reasoning, we need to find other evidence that contributed to the lower dropout.
Which one of the following, if true about the last
year, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.

Since the recession is the reasonable factor (alternative cause) that can contribute the lower dropout, the argument can be weakened. If the job market need not so many people, those students willing to go to work would have to stay in high school. BA
(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.

It cannot weaken the argument, because when they enter high school, those students’ morale can still be improved by the program.
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.

It cannot weaken the argument.
(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.

In this case, it actually strengthens the argument. Because even though it is easier for those students to go to work, the dropout rate still decreases.

Besides, this is a Shell Game answer. It aims at the high school graduate rate, rather than dropout rate.
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.

It cannot weaken the argument.



49.
An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power. Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

(A) Industrial production also is declining in Country X.

It seems to strengthen the argument, rather than weaken.
(B) Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.

It seems to be a contender, but the argument concerns the agricultural productions between X and Y, rather the locations between them.
(C) Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.

The same to A.
(D) The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.

Yes! If the crops grown between the two countries are different, even though the climates in these two countries are same, the agricultural productions between them may still be different, thus having no relationship with the overly centralized economy. BA
(E) Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.

It is outside the scope of the argument.



50.
Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation. Therefore, when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences, most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.
The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes that

A) serious scientific research is not a solitary activity, but relies on active cooperation among a group of colleagues

Shell Game: the argument concerns about generally scientists, rather than serious scientific research.
(B) research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy

The argument has no relationship the ‘scientists whose renown are envied’.
(C) a scientist can become a famous popularizer without having completed any important research

No evidence is provided by the argument about this.
(D) research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research

The gap of the argument is why renowned scientists are not deemed to be the true colleagues by most other scientists. Amazingly, the answer choice points out the gap and makes the logic perfect, because it reasons that those famous scientists may not do important new research referred in the first sentence of the argument. BA
(E) no important new research can be accessible to or accurately assessed by those who are not themselves scientists

Those who are not scientists are out of the scope of the argument.



51.
A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.
Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past three years from the statement above?

(A) Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.

Actually, we know nothing about total dollar sales for each of the divisions.
(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.

It is the opposite answer.
(C) The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.

Yes, we can see that profits per dollar of sales are higher in the pharmaceuticals than in the chemicals division. BA
(D) The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.

Actually, we do not know the product mix of each of the company’s divisions.
(E) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of those of the pharmaceuticals division.

In fact, we know nothing about the sales construction between these two divisions.



52.
The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is a reflection of the kinds of demand they are trying to meet. The only cyclists seriously interested in innovation and willing to pay for it are bicycle racers. Therefore, innovation in bicycle technology is limited by what authorities will accept as standard for purposes of competition in bicycle races.
Which of the following is an assumption made in drawing the conclusion above?

(A) The market for cheap, traditional bicycles cannot expand unless the market for high-performance competition bicycles expands.

The market for cheap, traditional bicycles is outside the scope of the argument.
(B) High-performance bicycles are likely to be improved more as a result of technological innovations developed in small workshops than as a result of technological innovations developed in major manufacturing concerns.

The comparison between small workshops and major manufacturing concerns is irrelevant.
(C) Bicycle racers do not generate a strong demand for innovations that fall outside what is officially recognized as standard for purposes of competition.

The gap of the argument is the relationship between bicycle racers and what authorities will accept as standard for purposes of competition in bicycle races. Amazingly, this answer choice finds out the gap and makes the logic reasonable. BA
(D) The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers results primarily from their desire to manufacture a product that can be sold without being altered to suit different national markets.

The reason of the technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is irrelevant.
(E) The authorities who set standards for high-performance bicycle racing do not keep informed about innovative bicycle design.

Actually, it weakens the argument in some degree.

CD用户825193

2. High school students who feel that they are not
succeeding in high school often drop out before
graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the
city’s high school dropout rate was significantly
lower than the previous year’s rate. This is
encouraging evidence that the program instituted
two years ago to improve the morale of high school
students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.
Which one of the following, if true about the last
year, most seriously weakens the argument?
----------Cause and Effect Problems NO.2

30" (Weak)
P: Students not succeeding in high school normally drop out.
P: Last yr dropout rate is lower than previous.P: 2 yrs ago started a program to lower the dropout rate.
C: the program caused the lower rate.
Pre: More students who have high possibility to drop out didn't register to high school.
   some other reasons actually caused the lower rate

Answers:
(A) There was a recession that caused a high level
of unemployment in the city.
   unemployment doesn't necessarily stop students dropping out.
succeeding: won't go to college
CORRECT: not succeeding & get employment -> dropouts

(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.
   before hight school is out of the topic

(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.
   support  irrelevant

(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.
   CORRECT, this could keep students in school

(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.
   support  "aimed at overall high schools" is only a description of the program, not helpful to explain or weak the argument

49.
An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power.  Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

25" (Weak)
P: Agricultural production is dropping in Country X, while Country Y has increasing agricultural production
P: Climate changes and new government in X
C: It's the economic change rather than climate change influenced the agricultural drop in X
Pre: X & Y have different types of agricultural plants/soil/ect.
    X's new government encourages agriculture somewhat

Answers:
(A) Industrial production also is declining in Country X.
    not related

(B) Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.
    irrelevant to agricultural production

(C) Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.
    it's climate change, didn't weaken

(D) The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y.
    CORRECT.

(E) Country X's new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of ensuring an equitable distribution of goods.

    new economy policy, but doesn't weaken
50.
Generally scientists enter their field with the goal of doing important new research and accept as their colleagues those with similar motivation.  Therefore, when any scientist wins renown as an expounder of science to general audiences, most other scientists conclude that this popularizer should no longer be regarded as a true colleague.
The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes that


1'03" (presume)
P: Scientists with the goal of doing important research and same motivation are considered colleagues by others
Pre: those who got popularized don't do important research or with the same motivation as others
C: Scientists who won the renown or get popular no longer being considered others' colleagues

Answers:
(A) serious scientific research is not a solitary activity, but relies on active cooperation among a group of colleagues
    nothing related with popularizer

(B) research scientists tend not to regard as colleagues those scientists whose renown they envy
    envy is out of the topic

(C) a scientist can become a famous popularizer without having completed any important research
    it's only one possibility

(D) research scientists believe that those who are well known as popularizers of science are not motivated to do important new research
    CORRECT

(E) no important new research can be accessible to or accurately assessed by those who are not themselves scientists
    -> important new research can only be accessible to or ... by scientists
51.
A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years:  in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.
Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past three years from the statement above?


33" (Conclusion)
P: 2 divisions of a company: pharmaceuticals and chemicals r doing good
P: P's sales and profits increased 20% and 40% respectively, C keeps balance
C: P's cost decreases more than C's or P's price increases more than C's

Answers:
(A) Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
    can't tell the exact dollar sales

(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.
    shall be the opposite

(C) The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.
    CORRECT

(D) The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.
    can't tell about the change

(E) Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of those of the pharmaceuticals division.
    shall be opposite
52.
The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is a reflection of the kinds of demand they are trying to meet.  The only cyclists seriously interested in innovation and willing to pay for it are bicycle racers.  Therefore, innovation in bicycle technology is limited by what authorities will accept as standard for purposes of competition in bicycle races.
Which of the following is an assumption made in drawing the conclusion above?


25" (Missing P)
P:
P:
C: authorities of bicycle races influence -> cyclists demands -> manufacturers technical change
Pre:

Answers:
(A) The market for cheap, traditional bicycles cannot expand unless the market for high-performance competition bicycles expands.
    cheap bicycles r not related

(B) High-performance bicycles are likely to be improved more as a result of technological innovations developed in small workshops than as a result of technological innovations developed in major manufacturing concerns.
    where bicycles get developed is not related

(C) Bicycle racers do not generate a strong demand for innovations that fall outside what is officially recognized as standard for purposes of competition.
    CORRECT

(D) The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers results primarily from their desire to manufacture a product that can be sold without being altered to suit different national markets.
    It's about the races/authorities, not different national markets

(E) The authorities who set standards for high-performance bicycle racing do not keep informed about innovative bicycle design.
    it's the other way round, but not a necessary pre to the conclusion

pennyz

1:47
weaken(last year)
method: program to increase high school morality
result:less dropout last year
weaken: other reason for less dropout
a----correct


(B) The morale of students who dropped out of
high school had been low even before they
reached high school.------irrelevant
(C) As in the preceding year, more high school
students remained in school than dropped
out.----support
(D) High schools in the city established placement
offices to assist their graduates in obtaining
employment.-----irrelevant, no info about office
(E) The antidropout program was primarily aimed
at improving students’ morale in those high
school with the highest dropout rates.
-----irrelevant

pennyz

1:12s
weaken
d
cause-result
centralize e--->argi fall X
y rise
give other differences
1:49s
assumption
c
premise:scientist do imp new research/ accept  similar motivation colleagues
conclusion:popularity---->no true collegue
1:43
two division is constant in 3 year
phram:20% sale 40% profit
chem:meet the end
c
1:59s
premise: bicycle is only interested by competitors
conclusion:allow innovation within the compition use
c

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