【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-4】

fox0923

3.
time：57''
prephrase: 科学家想知道这些fragment的大小，然后研究发现了sulfur出现
                fragment本身没有sulfur，但是out atmosphere下面的云层有硫磺。---------------》premise
                 云层穿透后硫磺会沉入外层大气。
                 some fragments were large enough blabla-----------------》conclusion


(A) The first presents a circumstance for which the astronomer offers an explanation; the second is part of that explanation.
-----------解释不通
(B) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
-----------二者是前提和结论的关系
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
-----------不对。第一个不是反驳。第二个是结论
(D) The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that conclusion.
-------------第二个是结论
(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
--------------correct


这类holdface题是不是自己事先把逻辑关系理顺了，就像我前面prephrase那样？

-- by 会员 Jane412 (2011/11/23 19:51:56)

对的，我觉得是主要把evidence，conclusion，sub-conclusion，opposed point, proposed point搞明白就好了。内容虽说不重要，但我觉得对于理解逻辑链还是很有帮助的。

prodliu

zuozuokan

zz42050524

2011/11/24
精练：
1.    Weaken 59S
P: Contemporay bussiness firms need to realize avoiding responsibility lead to erosion of power. Somebody’s law: In the long run, those who do not use power will lose it. The long run need may be a long time.
C: Bussiness firms wanted as long as they can retain power must act responsible.
推测：1.do not use power wouldn’t lead to lose power.
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the   irrelative
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to  support
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more    
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business   irrelative
will eventually fail.
(E) Some businesses that have used power in    
socially responsible ways have lost it.
这道题没有看太明白，最后自己选E。

逻辑链:
2.    45s   support
P: Most of the solar engergy generators by US componies are exported to Europe. Eur companies begin to produce those products and will ultimately domin the market. US goverment encourge to consume generators. If US goverment achieve the aim.
C: Manufacturers will maintain the production level.
推测： the potential market of SEG in US is big enough to maintain the production level.
E is just he paraphrase.

3.    Method of reasoning 50s
推理连： 提出问题（不知道fragment多大）——提出方法（只有大气层中还有sulfur）——结论（至少fragment足够穿透大气层）
E is the answer.

4.    evaluate the argument  35s
P: Most of the U comes from mines. It can also abstract from seawater, but the cost is high.
C: Only the cost is reduced that the method of abstracting from seawater can be use.
推测： 1. The amount of U in mines is whether enough for human beings.
     
A is the answer

winghyy

逻辑链
1. 54s-complete the argument
BG:Europe is US's major export market of solar-power generators. However, Europen manufactors are emerging and probably will capture the europen market.  
Premise:US governement plan to encourage the solar-power use within US, since______
Conlucison:  US manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels
Prephase: more solar consumers in US
C

2. 35s-assumption
BG: the higher level of vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function.
Premise: The lung function of smokers is worse than that of nonsmokers
Conclusion:  Smokers should take food containing high level of vitamins and minerals.
Prephase: The good lung function does not lead to high level of vitamins and minerals.
E

3. 65s-bold face [这题读的好纠结]
E

4. 35s-weaken
Premise: U is extracted from mines now. U can also be extracted from seawater, but the cost is very high.
Conclusion: Until the cost of extracting U from seawater reduces, the method is commercially viable.
Prephase: There is no U that can be extracted from mines.
A

balapupu

1.[26s]
P:US export solar energy to the European-->European solar companies are now garbing the market-->US company should divert its point to the US market-->it will help US solar energy company maintain high market level.
Reason:the US market is not fully developed and much larger than the European market.
A:
(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years-->last year can not guarantee the future.
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did-->irrelevant with the efficiency.
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States-->not explain the conclusion.
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe-->the conclusion is about the US.
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited-->R
[OMG...这道题也错了，谁能给我解释解释，就是因为现在市场小，所以才能说将来的市场前景广阔啊。。。]

我觉得这篇文章不是在说国内市场大小对未来的影响，而是在说两个比较。
1--提到了背景信息，US produces solar power generator出口到欧洲，但是欧洲自己本身的manufactures已经出现并会在未来占领欧洲市场。
2--然后说US开始在本国鼓励solar power generator use.如果这个计划成功，US也会有提高production.
问原因？
那么很显然，US是认为他们本国的manufactures也会像欧洲manufactures一样开始emerging并占领美国市场。
但是E说现在的市场狭小，我反而觉得有weaken的嫌疑，狭小的话，还怎么吸引US manufactures?

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/11/24 2:32:50)

恩恩~~有道理。。。。

风无衣

【精炼1-4】
weaken_60s
conclusion：a company wants to retain power as long as it can must act responsibly
premise:1、law of responsibility states that in the long run, the company will ultimately loss power when society consider it does not act responsibly.
            2、long run may require decades or centuries.
weaken:it is highly possible that the company does not exist before the society find that it does not act responsibly.we should find that a business that wishes to retain power does not necessarily have to act responsibly.

(A) Government institutions are as subject to the
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.——irrelevant
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.——correct
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.——irrelevant
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business
will eventually fail.——irrelevant
(E) Some businesses that have used power in
socially responsible ways have lost it.

貌似选对了~不过推理思维蛮混乱的~貌似用排除法还比较管用~~><

Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer. If a public relations program can
cause society to think an institution is socially responsible even when it is not,
then an institution that wishes to retain power could act irresponsibly and then
get a public relations firm to cover up the activities. In this way, the institution
could wish to retain power but not act responsibly. Since this scenario allows
the sufficient condition to occur without the necessary, this weakens the
argument.
Answer choice (E): This is another attractive answer, and one that lured in
many test takers. The answer states that even though some businesses acted
responsibly (AR), they did not retain power (RP). If this difference between
retaining power and wishing to retain power (WRP) is ignored, then this answer
can be seen as attacking the Mistaken Reversal of the conclusion.

This relationship can be diagrammed as:
WRP = business wish(es) to retain power as long as possible
AR = act responsibly
WRP AR

【逻辑链1-4】
2、logically complete_45s
米国生产世界上大部分的太阳能generator，其中大部分出口到欧洲~
但是，欧洲的生产商正在整合，最终会占领大部分欧洲市场~
米国政府使用资金激励，鼓励在米国使用太阳能
如果这些激励能够使米国太阳能generator的需求增加，美国生产商可以保持高的生产量。因为……
C

3、assumption_35s
血液里vitamin和mineral的含量越高，人的肺部功能越好
抽烟的人肺部功能比不抽烟的人差
所以，改善抽烟的人的肺部功能的一个办法就是让他们多吃喊vitamin和mineral的食物
E

4、boldface_1min24s
E

5、evaluate_31s
supply of  uranium:1、most come from mines 2、extract  uranium from seawater——the cost is greater than the price that  uranium fetches on the world market
conclusion:the second way of extracting  uranium fron seawater is unlikely to be commerically viable unless the cost can be reduced.
A

风无衣

上来吐槽一下。。。被bible上的题目打击了~~~

corneliaflower

补精练~

花儿一时没反应过来的词汇： Contemporary 当代的   erosion 腐蚀   institutions 习俗，制度

47s
premise:
a law of responsibility tell us in the long run power is close related with responsibility
conclusion:
Business which want to retain its power must take responsibilitiy.

weaken: other reasons may affect power in the long run
B

ugly5552000

1/Background: business firms should realize that avoiding social responsibility leads to erosion of power. Law: those firms who do not use their power in consistent with their responsibility will lose their power.
Premise: a firm wishes to retain its power must act responsibility.
Prephrase: some business firms that act responsibly, but loses its power and bankrupt at last, while some other firms that act irresponsibly still retains power and is prospers.
B
A: government institutions is irrelevant to the business firms
B: even an institution acts irresponsibly, the public relations programs can help to cover the activities, in this way, an institution could retain power even it acts irresponsibly. It weakens the argument.
C: whether the power erodes slowly or not, anyway, if the institution act irresponsibly, its power erodes, support the argument.
D: the argument acknowledges the wish, to retain power as long as they can, of institutions.
E: the argument is a sufficient condition, the answer is a necessary condition.
2/Background: most of world’s solar-power generators are manufactured by Americans. Most of the America-made solar-power generators are exported to Europe. The European manufactures commence to capture European market.
Premise: the US government encourages the civil use of solar power, in order to maintain significant production levels.
Prephrase: the demand within US can not account to that in Europe. The domestic market of energy has little room for solar power.
C
A: the argument is about domestic demand, not output, irrelevant.
B: if solar-power generators have low efficiency, less people will buy them, weaken the argument.
C: when the domestic initiatives increase, the US manufacturers are able to enlarge the market share, as the European manufacturers do in Europe. Support the argument.
D: Europe, irrelevant.
E: weaken the argument.
3/Background: the high level of certain vitamins and minerals in the blood stream makes the lung function better. The lung function of smokers is much worse than that of non-smokers.
Premise: to improve the lung function of lung function, the smokers need to increase their intake of helpful vitamins and minerals.
Prephrase: the digest system of smokers is good enough to support the vitamins and minerals being absorbed by smokers.

E
A: It’s evidence of bad lung function of smokers, not the evidence to the argument.
B: it merely repeats the statement.
C: to smokers, not general people.
D: it has nothing to do with stopping smoking.
E: support
4/Background: because of collision, comet fragments entered Jupiter’s atmosphere. Traces of sulfur were found in the outer atmosphere after the fragment’s entry.
Premise: as the comet fragments did not contain sulfur, many astronomers believeed the cloud layer below outer atmosphere did contain sulfur. There must be some fragments entering the cloud layer, which made the sulfur speed into the outer space.
Prephrase: the 2 portions together can make the argument sufficient.
E
A:if both are explanation, where is the conclusion?
B: not against
C: not against
D: not against
E: the 2 portions together are sufficient to the argument.
5/Background: it is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost is much higher than the current price of uranium on world market.
Premise: only when the cost of extracting uranium from seawater is reduced, can the technology be commercially viable.
Prephrase: the quantity of uranium which could be extracted from seawater is much more than that stored in mines, as the decline of uranium stored in mines, the price of uranium is increasingly rising.
A
A: while the uranium in mines is depleted rapidly, the price will increase, which it is easier for the cost of extracting uranium from seawater to reach.
B: where to use the uranium is irrelevant
C: not sufficient.
D: when the uranium in mine is used up, extracting from seawater will be the only way to continue, then there is no need to reduce the cost.
E: freshwater, irrelevant

trackofheart

4. Speaker: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads tothe gradual erosion of power. （背景知识）
This is Davis and Blomstrom’s Iron Law of Responsibility: “In the long run,
those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.”
The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history.
Though the “long run” may require decades or even centuries in some instances,
society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly. （前提）
Therefore, a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.（结论）


Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the speaker’s argument?
                                                                weaken的方法：1、它因导致 2、原因推不出结果 3、直接weaken结论


(A) Government institutions are as subject to the Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.
与结论 a business 要如何无关
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to consider an institution socially
responsible even when it is not.
就是说它不act responsibly，但是Public relations programs同样可以让它显得 responsibly，这样同样可以获得成功。weaken了原文的结论
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more slowly than the power of others,
whether they are socially responsible or not.
erode 的快慢与结论无关
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business will eventually fail.
institution的永久不永久与结论无关
(E) Some businesses that have used power in socially responsible ways have lost it.
有a little的weaken，但是some不会影响大局，没有b强烈————》与解释的理解不同，要注意选项与原文的小差别，wrp与rp是有区别的，不能将其混同