GWD-6-40

elaine_tai

我支持E，理由如下：

1 我翻看了新东方的笔记，削弱是承认前提，削弱结论。

前提：Strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets 来自不同星球细菌的蛋白质结构（长期不变）存在巨大差异，而地球上现有细菌种类之间的差异都不够大

结论：Even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out

结论是火星细菌没来到地球上，即使来过，也都灭绝了。

2. D: It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria

乍看是削弱，因为如果地球现有的所有细菌都起源于（arise from）火星的细菌，那么现有细菌种类之间的差异都不够大也不能说明火星细菌没来过地球。

可是正如我在第1点中指出的，D选项主要错在与前提protein structure that would persist over time矛盾。

3. E: It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.

直接削弱结论，指出其one-sidedness。

结论说即使火星细菌到过地球，也都灭绝了。本argugment的gap就在于凭什么说即使来过，后来也都灭绝了？arguer直接假设因为地球现有细菌种类之间差异不够大，所以目前看来不可能存在外星细菌，要么就是早灭绝了，也就是说arguer直接假设现有细菌都来自地球本身。

其one-sidedness就在于我们也可以假设地球现有细菌并非来自地球。灭绝的可能是来自火星的细菌，也可能是地球上的细菌，题目中没有设定前提说火星的细菌更有可能灭绝。所以E直接指出了gap。

The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?

Of course the answer is E

steveyangxt

以下是引用Pudding在2004-12-17 20:12:00的发言：

試著簡單解釋成這樣:

有理論認為細菌是發源於火星並藉由隕石被帶到地球上. 但是, 不同星球上的細菌其蛋白質應該要有結構上的不同, 且這種不同是不會隨時間發展而消失的 (persist over time...), 而目前地球上的細菌種類都不具有足夠的不同點證明他們來自不同星球. 因此, 即便地球上確實有細菌來自火星, 這些細菌也已經不存在了...

答案D, 見2樓的解釋, 很清楚... 我本來也選錯了的...

台湾mm翻译的一目了然了 谢谢mm

shamoguzhou

The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?

完全晕了,这句话是问什么啊?削弱还是假设啊?难受死了.怎么越看越不知道说什么了.

cdsteven517

E can not weaken the discribed conclusion, SO D is a suitable answer

citystory

E肯定不对，就算是the argument considers about whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out. 也只可能说明有些灭绝了，有些没灭绝，不能导致地球上细菌都一样的结论。
    

mymengming

可是正如我在第1点中指出的，D选项主要错在与前提protein structure that would persist over time矛盾。

这位小兄很激动的说，我也是选E，但是我不同意你的这个观点。persist over time指的是如果到达地球这种strain不会很快变得跟地球上的B一样，而会持续一段时间。再理解一下。

我也是选E，后来发现E就算正确也不行，因为作者要削弱的是不是来自火星，E就算正确也只能说明现在的B不是来自地球。而D就是很正确的削弱了。

请NN指点迷津。

ammy_zhang

我觉得D是正确的，虽然我一开始也选了E.

原文存在一个假设：现在是存在地球上土生的细菌的。D 就是指出一种可能，“地球上现在的细菌都是来自火星的”不符合这个假设。而且，从这个角度看，E的内容说地球上土生的细菌有些灭绝了，是无关的。

chenlong

It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite.  However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets.  So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.

题干中的前提：现在地球上所有的细菌不可能来自于两个不同的星球（即：要不全部来源于火星，要不全部发源于地球自身）

题干中的结论：现在地球上所有的细菌全部发源于地球本身（even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.这一结论的同意转述）

所以题干中的结论忽略了（fails to consider）另一个可能的结论，即：all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.

wkw5336280

请问B为什么错？如果没有蛋白质从火星来到地球的话，推论说从火星来的都死了不也错了嘛？前提本身就是说是可能，B就是说这种可能性的程度啊

linda816

以下是引用citystory在2006-6-10 0:41:00的发言：
E肯定不对，就算是the argument considers about whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out. 也只可能说明有些灭绝了，有些没灭绝，不能导致地球上细菌都一样的结论。
 

同意，E只是说地球上有的细菌种群曾经存在，又灭亡了，但不是所有的都灭亡了。所以不具有整体代表性。