【每日逻辑链练习贴】【逻辑1-3】

fox0923

"反例的前提情况需要与原观点的一致，所以即是不管多伦多还是纽约生的星座是一样的。"
C.The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.
反推：
所以反例换句话说就假设了纽约和多伦多的两个孩子星座是一样的--> the same time they are born等于他们有相同的星座-->出生地差异不会影响他们的星座差异

-- by 会员 daisyの小夢想 (2011/8/11 12:05:02)

同意daisy的理论。

fox0923

可是我用negate理论还有个疑问：

C.The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.

也就是说Toronto和NY的不同地理位置决定了星座的不同 ----〉这样的话，和原文的psychologist conclusion：相同的星座不能决定性格，而相同的星座是由相同的时间决定的。

但感觉上是间接weaken conclusion，直接weaken premise。我这么又自己重新回顾了一下，是不是这个道理？

daisyの小夢想

可是我用negate理论还有个疑问：

C.The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.

也就是说Toronto和NY的不同地理位置决定了星座的不同 ----〉这样的话，和原文的psychologist conclusion：相同的星座不能决定性格，而相同的星座是由相同的时间决定的。

但感觉上是间接weaken conclusion，直接weaken premise。我这么又自己重新回顾了一下，是不是这个道理？

-- by 会员 fox0923 (2011/8/11 13:05:40)

        相同的星座是由相同的时间决定的是psychologist的premise，不是psychologist的结论。
        weaken可以weaken premise也可以weaken conclusion~~ 因为weaken了premise， conclusion就自然lose credibility了 呵呵。

fox0923

恩，明确了，原来以为只能weaken conclusion，而不能weaken fact....不过这个不算是fact，因为它是为反驳前面conclusion用的例子，所以可以weaken。

谢谢daisy啊~~

ccmoom

1、    45s
background：The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth.
Premise：A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip.
Conclusion：it is possible for people to go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.
Assumption：做过这题…… 答案是有足够的燃料飞回地球

2、    45s
background：Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point.
Premise：unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.
Conclusion：dentists should not fill a cavity.
Support：想象答案可能估计要说不补牙的没坏处，补牙有坏处。

3、40s
  Conclusion：Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false
  Premise：However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same time---one in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.
  Assumption：想说明不同地方会影响性格，而不是星座。难道是说，不同地方会有不同的星座？太无语了。。。

4、45s
 Background：We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of elections, not the power of the parties.
 remise： But it is worth noting that no independent or third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever before in support of their candidates and platforms
 Conclusion：It seems clear that reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.
 Support：想象中的答案可能是第三党派没有大作为，两党制还是过得很好之类的。


5、58s
 remise：Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon schoolchildren of violence in films. In the first experiment, grammar school children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free-play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving violently afterward.
 Conclusion：The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown.
  Weaken：男孩天生喜欢暴力。

zhengzhengzz

1.
background: the only problem is the weight.
Premise: carrying fuel would be too heavy to launch; a new invention to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip.
Conclusion: it is possible to carry this device and then return.
Assumption: 假设 new invention 本身不是很重
2.
BG: filling a cavity is not a harmless procedure
Premise：cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth; many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point.
Conclusion: dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.
Support: 神经没有受到伤害的时候做了手术 结果不好
3.
BG: some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities
Premise: identical twins  born at the same time have similar personalities; two individuals who born on the same day but different places, 40 years  personalities are different
Conclusion: the claim is false.
Assumption: 纽约和Toronto的环境很相似，这两个地域的不同并不影响结果。
4.
Premise: the mass media decide the outcome of the elections, not the power of the parties, but no independent candidate has won any election in the last nationwide campaign.
Conclusion: reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.
Strengthen： 这个这个。。。没看明白。。。求解答~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5.
GB: experiments to test the effect upon violence in films.
Premise:1.male teenager:42% of the children were observed to engage in other violent acts similar to those in the film
      2.female teenager: 14% of the children were observed to engage in other violent acts similar to those in the film.
Conclusion: children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown
Weaken: 男孩更容易模仿暴力的场景，女孩也会模仿，只不过不是暴力的场景，或不太会在游戏中体现出来（呃。。。参考了之前各位的解答。。。）

纳丁Cat

8-8
1. NO1  FEIFEI Logic Test1 Q12 36s
The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth. A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip. Therefore, it is possible for people to go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
人不能去火星是因为重量.不能带足够的燃料，一个新发明的东西可以让火星的大气转换为燃料，结论：所以人们可以去火星咯！
假设:这个新装置是可行的，而且除了The only physical factor，没有其他阻碍人们去火星

2. NO2 FEIFEI Logic Test1 Q15 30s
Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the researcher’s reasoning?
Cavity龋齿
填牙洞不是无害的。它会损害牙齿中的一些部分。而牙洞只有当它触到神经时才有害。很多牙洞不填也不会触到神经。结论：所以，牙医不应该填牙洞除非它真的很危险了。
加强：填牙洞的物质长期而言，对牙齿有害

3. NO3 FEIFEI Logic Test1 Q17  35s
Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false, I concede that identical twins---who are, of course, born at practically the same time---often do have similar personalities. However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same time---one in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologist’s argument depends?
心理学家：天文学家说星座完全确定了性格。结论：但这是错的。因为虽然有一些人是这样的，但是有个记录说有一对人星座一样，性格就不一样
假设：星座不会因为出生的地点而受影响。

4. NO4 CR大全 不含OG版  TESTC Q2   45s没有读完
We have heard a good deal in recent years about the declining importance of the two major political parties. It is the mass media, we are told, that decide the outcome of elections, not the power of the parties. But it is worth noting that no independent or third-party candidate has won any important election in recent years, and in the last nationwide campaign, the two major parties raised and spent more money than ever before in support of their candidates and platforms. It seems clear that reports of the imminent demise of the two-party system are premature at best.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument above?
it is worth noting that值得注意的是
决定选举结果的不是政党的力量，而是传媒。但是最近没有第三政党赢选举，而且两大政党花了更多的钱在他们的候选人上。结论：两党制灭亡的言论为时过早。
加强：花的钱能反映一个政党的生命力。
ＰＳ：刚看的时候不明白第一句话在题干里啥作用， Lawyer的解释：原文结论是说这两个主要政党立即要消失的报道为时过早。原文有两个证据：还没有独立或第三党候选人；最近的普选两个党投了很多钱（可以给媒体，而媒体可以决定选举结果）。

５. NO5 CR大全 不含OG版  TESTC Q3　　４５s
Psychologists conducted a series of experiments to test the effect upon schoolchildren of violence in films. In the first experiment, grammar school children were shown a film that included scenes of a male teenager engaging in violent acts against others, such as punching, pushing, and kicking. During a free-play session following the film viewing, 42 percent of the children were observed to engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film. In a second experiment, a different group of children was shown a similar film featuring a female teenager. Only 14 percent of the children were observed behaving violently afterward. The psychologists concluded that children are more likely to imitate violent behavior on film when a male model is shown than when a female model is shown.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the psychologists’ conclusion?
grammar school 初级中学
心理学家做实验，第一组小朋友看了有男人的暴力片子，42%就暴力了。第二组看了女人的暴力片子，只有14%暴力了。结论：小朋友更会模仿男人的暴力片子。
削弱：那帮看男人片子的小朋友之前的暴力记录本来就要多些。

UlysessHope

跟帖练习~~~~~恳求NN指导


53s
阻挡人类去火星的唯一物理因素就是重量了。带足量燃料来推动宇宙飞船到火星去和回来是最轻的飞船也不能在地球发射。however，一个近期发明出来的设备可以在火星表面为飞船重新加满燃料
------------因此，这位人们去火星来来回回提供了可能性

假设：这个存着供飞船回地球的燃料的设备能在地球发射



55s
牙医：填补牙洞不是个无害的过程，它不可避免的伤害一些健康的牙齿。牙洞只有在衰落物质到达牙齿内部的神经是才会有害。一般牙洞，如果放着不治疗，永远不会到达那步。因此除非牙齿内神经即将因牙洞受伤害，牙医们不会补牙。

加强：如果牙洞放着不治疗，衰落物质的却不会到达牙齿内部的神经

36s
心理学家：许多astrologers说我们的horoscopes完全决定我们的性格，这是不对的。（结论）我承认出生在同一时间的双胞胎，总有一些相似的性格。
然而，两个出生在四十年前相同时刻的人，一个出生在多伦多，一个出生在纽约，两人性格不同。（推理）

假设：。。。不知。。想不出来

59s
我们最近听说了近期两大党的重要性降低。是大众传媒决定了选举的结果。but这个无济于事 没有一个独立的各体或第三党在近些年赢过选举。且在最近的全国运动中，两大党在支持他们各自的参与者中比以前投入了更多的金钱。
-------------------------因此，报道的两大党的即将让位是过早的

加强：两党在选举中投入金钱，两党的重要性就会提高


58s
心理学家做了一组实验。在第一个实验中 , grammar school children 观看了一个包含男性青少年暴力的电影，42%children 被观察到 engage in one or more violent acts similar to those in the film
在第二个实验中，a different group of children 观看了类似的电影，女性青少年暴力。只有14%的observed behaving violently afterward
------------结论children模仿暴力更喜欢模仿男子而不是女子

削弱：grammar school children和a different group of children不是同一组实验对象

xqxqzym

1-44s
p:已知去火星的重量，科学家也研究出一种设备补充燃料可供飞船往返。
c:那么人类带着这种设备也是有望往返火星滴。
A：这种设备会不会有其他未完善的地方从而影响人类往返火星呢

2-37s
p:补牙有损牙齿神经
c:牙医不应该实施补牙除非牙洞严重受损
s:想不出来怎么可以加强

3-42s
p:举例双胞胎性格是很相似，但另外同一时间出生的人性格不一样
c:占星学家说星座决定性格是错的
A:天生性格相似，后天环境影响？

4-42s
p:大众媒体的影响力越来越广，没有第三方政党参与竞选，而两党已投入比以往更多的资金去支持候选人。
c:两党将提前让位
没怎么看懂啊···还得返回再读一下

5-49s
p:分别举例在男版暴力电影和女版暴力电影后小孩子的模仿率是42%和14%
c:说明孩子更倾向于模仿男版暴力
w:实验对象不同

大三准备留学

1.background: the most important problem to carry astronauts to MARS is weight
                       we don't have enough fuel for the lightest spacecraft to get to and return from MARS
  premise: a new device can refuel the spacecraft when it return from the MARS

  conclusion: we can finish the jouney to MARS
assumption: 这个新东西可以载那么多油到指定地点进行refuel           错了  是otherwise不是 other！！！
2. premis： 修复有洞的牙齿可能会损害到其他健康的牙齿 所以修复牙齿并不是无害的
          而且有洞的牙齿只有在危害到下面神经时才是有害的
          所以牙医应该在确认有洞的牙齿会对神经造成伤害后再进行修复  结论记错了 。。。。。
加强：牙齿不修复时可能永远不会损害到神经

3 两个人同时出生 但是不在痛一个医院 他们有着相同的hometele。。。 但是却表现出来不同的性格  
 结论 星座并不带表相同性格
 假设：不在同一个地方出生 但是同时也有着相同的heme。。

4.超时而且每照到逻辑 我擦。。。过去两年没有个人或者小团体花钱赢得过竞选  
   这两个大的政党花了比以往更多的钱去支持他们的参选人
结论 这两个政党正在衰退。。。。。

5.心理学家做了两组实验，一组是给孩子们看男性暴力电影  百分之47的孩子后来又模仿行为，另一组是分开了看女性暴力电影  百分之14后来有模仿行为
  结论  男性的暴力模型更加容易让孩子模仿

削弱：两组孩子本身的不同   一个是GRAMMER  一组是。。。