【第一期阅读小分队（已结束）】【每日阅读练习贴——速度+越障】【一楼汇总】（另附CD首发花儿阅读教材PDF）

抓抓sandra · 发表于 2011-7-6 01:15:46

to 麦麦, 我也是容易松懈的人..咱得多逼自己一点~然后就习惯了~哈 to daisy, daisy看的好快啊!水权的结果今天我自己没看,当做明天的任务看了~越障我老是看的好慢

抓抓sandra · 发表于 2011-7-6 01:25:04

计时1 01July 2011 Greek Spending Cuts Clear Way forLoans Greecehas approved a plan to raise taxes, cut spending and sell government-ownedassets. This clears the way for seventeen billion dollars in loans from theInternational Monetary Fund and the European Union. The loans are a share ofthe one-hundred-fifty-six-billion-dollar rescue deal that Greece secured lastyear. Themoney will help the government to operate and pay its debts until the middle ofSeptember. But the austerity plan led to a national strike on Tuesday andWednesday, along with violent demonstrations in Athens. (SOUND) Severalhundred protesters and police were injured. TheGreek parliament approved the forty-billion-dollar plan on Wednesday and thedetails on Thursday. Prime Minister George Papandreou won more support thanexpected for his proposals. He appealed to parliament to do everything possibleto avoid defaulting on the debts of the birthplace of democracy. (SOUND) "Thereis a choice," he said. "We can remain a Greece which has a hugepublic sector, or change to a Greece which has an effective democratic andproductive public sector." Greeceis expected to seek more international help, even though years of governmentborrowing led to the crisis. Manyprotesters said their government is making decisions that serve the interestsof wealthy nations. WOMAN:"I want to feel Greek again. But I’m not Greek. I’m German, I’m American.I don’t know what I am.” (223 words) 计时2 Butother Greeks, including this man, see the need for austerity. MAN: “Ithink the policies are a good step towards finding common ground with theEuropean Union, which is I think a vision that all Greeks should aspire to. Idon’t think any country can operate in isolation these days, especially acountry the size of Greece.” Alsothis week, the International Monetary Fund chose French Finance MinisterChristine Lagarde as managing director. DominiqueStrauss-Kahn had to resign in May. He was charged with sexual assaulting ahotel cleaning woman in New York. But prosecutors have now raised questionsabout the believability of the accuser. On Friday a judge released Mr.Strauss-Kahn from house arrest, although he cannot return home to France. Ms.Lagarde received support from the United States and European nations as well asRussia, Brazil and China. Her five-year term starts Tuesday. The internationallender has always been led by a European, but Ms. Lagarde will be the firstwoman. Ms.Lagarde has promised to be a strong voice for developing countries, especiallyin Asia and Africa. But international monetary expert Domenico Lombardi saysbeing a European will also help. DOMENICOLOMBARDI: "And one key factor in guiding this decision is certainly theability for Christine Lagarde as a European coming from a key euro area countryto exert pressure, leverage on her European fellow finance ministers in termsof taking a more aggressive stance on the European crisis." (243 words) 计时3 30 June 2011 Young Navajos LeaveReservation Life Behindto Seek JobsDOUGJOHNSON: Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English. (MUSIC) I'mDoug Johnson. This week on our show we play new music by Sarah Jarosz … And weanswer a question about coal mining in America … But,first we travel to the Navajo Nation in the American Southwest to learn moreabout its shrinking population. (MUSIC) Young Navajos Leaving Navajo Nation DOUGJOHNSON: The two thousand ten nationwide population study in the United Statesshows continuous growth in America’s minority population. Native Americanpopulations in the Southwest are among the expanding groups. However, thelargest American Indian reservation in the country shrank in population bythree percent. We visited a town in the huge Navajo Nation to find out wherepeople were going. Jim Tedder has the story. JIMTEDDER: Ganado, Arizona, is in the central part of the sixty-seven thousandsquare kilometer Navajo Nation reservation. (SOUND) Theinside of Ganado High School is busy with children hurrying to classes. But therooms are not nearly as crowded as they once were. Principal Tom Rowland sayshe is losing about one hundred students a year. TOMROWLAND: "I’m looking at a school that in the mid-two thousands ran about eight hundred fifty students. And now were down to about five hundredseventy-five to five hundred eighty.” EvelynBegay has worked in the school district for twenty-eight years.  Shethinks she knows why the population is falling in Ganado schools. EVELYNBEGAY: “Families can’t find jobs here. They go to the urban areas to look foremployment, and that’s where they move their families.” Ms.Begay has five adult children herself. All went to Ganado High School. Theyeach attended Arizona State University, in Phoenix.  And all five stayedin the Phoenix area after they graduated. (297 words) 计时4 EVELYNBEGAY: “Even though you hear politicians say we’re going to build jobs, we’veheard that fifty years, and we haven’t seen any significant impact onemployment for our young people. And as long as that’s continuing, we’re goingto continue to lose our families, our children, to move away.” Strongwinds blow across the one highway that passes through Ganado. There are fewlocal industries in town. The largest employers are the hospital and the schoolsystem. That is why the teachers and administrators at the high school advisestudents to leave the reservation after graduation. Nathan Brady is on thestaff at Ganado High School. NATHANBRADY: “Every one of them is going to encourage them, ‘Go, go, get aneducation, get a job.’” Thenwhen they have their university degree, he says there is no reason to return. NATHANBRADY: “They look back, and there’s nothing here. There’s nothing for them tobuild on. There’s no employment so they stay out there.” That iswhat Nathan Brady did himself. He graduated from Ganado twenty years ago andjoined the Navy. But just recently he returned to the reservation although hehad been offered a duty station on the island state of Hawaii. NATHANBRADY: “I’d rather be out here to see the stars at night, I’d rather be outhere to hear the birds chirping. I knew I wanted to come back.” A lotof young Navajo feel the same. The reservation is far from city life and theeconomy is lacking, but it is still home. Marden Kinlichee is one of them. MARDENKINLICHEE: “I think a lot of kids do want to come back. It’s just that if theycome back, then they’re going to be stuck at home not working.” (296 words) 计时5 ButMarden Kinlichee has a plan for her return. She just graduated from Ganado HighSchool and leaves for New Mexico in August. She plans to study nursing at theUniversity of New Mexico, in Gallup. She knows she can find a nursing job nearhome when she graduates. She says she can help her people that way. MARDENKINLICHEE: “That’s how I was raised, to come back and help my grandparents. Weneed a lot of help out here.” TheNavajo Nation population is getting older. More than sixty-five percent of thepopulation is over eighteen years old. That is up seven percent from ten yearsago. Butpeople in Ganado are not that worried about what many people call the braindrain. They believe the land, culture and language will bring their young backwhen they are ready. Coal Mining in the US DOUGJOHNSON: Our listener question this week comes from Mongolia. Tsogt Sharav hasbeen listening to VOA Special English since two thousand four and wants to knowmore about coal mining in the United States. TheUnited States produces about half of its electric power from coal. America isthe second-largest producer of coal after China. Coal is mined in half thestates, but Wyoming mines the most, followed by West Virginia, Kentucky andPennsylvania. TheUnited States gets about two-thirds of its coal from surface mining rather thanunderground mining. Surface mining is the name for different methods that areused to remove coal that is less than sixty meters underground. TheUnited States has about eighty-seven thousand coal miners. The jobs pay well,especially for the poor communities where mines are often located. But the jobcan also be dangerous. (287 words) 计时结束 以下自由阅读 Thegovernment says more than one hundred thousand miners were killed betweennineteen hundred and last year. Coal mining deaths have decreased sharply. Butlast year forty-eight miners were killed. Twenty-nine of them died in anexplosion at an underground mine in West Virginia on April fifth, twenty-ten.It was the deadliest coal mining disaster in the United States in forty years. Thisweek, a federal agency, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, releasedfindings from its investigation. It says the explosion at the Upper Big Branchmine could have been prevented. Theagency says there was a huge coal dust explosion that started with a limitedamount of natural gas. It says the methane was likely ignited by miningequipment. MasseyEnergy owned the mine. It blamed the explosion on a sudden release of a largeamount of natural gas that could not have been prevented. Minesafety agency official Kevin Stricklin says Massey kept two sets of records totry to hide safety problems from inspectors. A finalreport from the agency is expected later this year. A criminal investigation bythe Justice Department continues. Massey is now owned by another company, AlphaNatural Resources. Sarah Jarosz DOUGJOHNSON:  Twenty-year old Sarah Jarosz is a singer, songwriter andmusician. She plays the guitar and other instruments, including the mandolinand banjo. Her music has a strong American bluegrass influence. SarahJarosz just released her second album. With this album, she moves beyondbluegrass to explore other musical sounds. Critics say she is one of the mostpromising young singer-songwriters at work today. Barbara Klein has more. (MUSIC) (269 words) BARBARAKLEIN: That was the song “Run Away” from Sarah Jarosz’ new album “Follow MeDown.” SarahJarosz grew up in the town of Wimberly, Texas, near Austin. At the age of tenSarah began playing the mandolin. Soon, she began to perform at bluegrassfestivals. SarahJarosz’ first album, “Song Up in Her Head,” came out in two thousand nine. Itwas heavily influenced by traditional bluegrass music. She is now studyingmusic at the New England Conservatory in Boston. She has said her studies havehelped her to push her musical boundaries. SarahJarosz wrote nearly all of the songs on the new album. She performs two worksby other artists, including Bob Dylan. Here is her version of “The Tourist” bythe British rock band Radiohead. (MUSIC) SarahJarosz asked many top musicians to perform with her on this album. Here, shesings and plays mandolin with star banjo player Bela Fleck. We leave you with“Come Around.” (MUSIC) DOUGJOHNSON: I’m Doug Johnson. Our program was written by Chris Cruise, DanaDemange and Caty Weaver, who was also the producer.  Join us again nextweek for AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English. (196 words)

抓抓sandra · 发表于 2011-7-6 01:27:08

<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib41" target="_blank">Winnick(1966)</a> lays out a very strong case againstplace-based policy. The primary justification for spatially targeted economicdevelopment programs lies in the persistence of concentrations of poverty,mainly in urban areas. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=bbbcecdd4a0f0bf8bba2a8dee38bfbe4#bbib21" target="_blank">Kain, 1968</a> John Kain, Housing segregation, negroemployment and metropolitan decentralization, Quarterly Journal ofEconomics 82 (1968), pp. 175–197. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=outwardLink&_partnerName=3&_targetURL=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1885893&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_userid=29441&md5=616197916054f3bc6296e4f650b81a75" target="_blank">Full Textvia CrossRef</a><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib21" target="_blank">Kain(1968)</a> framed the problem in terms of the spatialmismatch hypothesis(SMH), which posited that blacks were prevented fromcommuting or moving to the suburbs, where their labor was demanded, and that low-skilljobs were prevented from moving into the central city, where the low-skillblack population lived.The spatial mismatch of low-skill labor supply andlow-skill labor demand causes the location-constrained inner-city residents toexperience adverse labor market outcomes. Since that seminal paper, spatiallytargeted policies have become popular at many levels of government. While theSMH enjoyed several decades of empirical support, more recent work taking intoaccount the endogeneity of residence choice has cast some doubt on the causalrelationship between spatial mismatch and poor central city labor marketoutcomes.<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#fn2" target="_blank">2</a> Whether the SMH holds or not, it is widely accepted bypolicy-makers and spatially targeted economic incentives can be seen as anattempt to correct for the cost differentials that keep businesses fromlocating in the inner city.( X( @0 T: `* n2 w* \# u * ~) g. r5 b- X2 ` Even in the absence of a causal effect of spatial mismatch,local jurisdictions may wish to spur development within their boundaries toincrease tax receipts. It is not far fetched to believe that localized taxincentives could be beneficial for local jurisdictions, even if they had noeffect on the indigenous population. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib1" target="_blank">Bartik (1991)</a> reviewed the literature on the effects oflocal taxes on business activity and found that the elasticity of businessactivity with respect to local tax rates lays somewhere between ? 1 and ? 3. Ifthis is true, decreasing local taxes (even in a small section of thejurisdiction) could be revenue-enhancing for local governments.<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#fn3" target="_blank">3</a> Theselarge elasticities suggest that the effects of local tax incentives may belarge and that enterprise zones may bean effective policy tool from a localperspective.% C' Q! Q/ J0 |, b( ] 2 w1 H5 d3 p/ x( Q: d. J  L7 b Research examining the effects of spatially targeted incentiveshas concentrated on the various state programs. While many studies have foundthat enterprise zones have faired well in terms of employment, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib3" target="_blank">Boarnet (2001)</a> points to the many methodological pitfallsinherent in straight comparisons of zones to non-zone areas. More rigorousevaluations of the state programs have not been lacking.An extensive review ofthis literature can be found in <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib35" target="_blank">

eters and Fisher (2002)</a>. They find that while earlyeconometric studies of the effects of state enterprise zones usually foundpositive results (e.g., <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib11" target="_blank">[Erickson and Friedman, 1990]</a>, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib33" target="_blank">[Papke, 1993]</a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib34" target="_blank">[Papke, 1994]</a>), more recent results have been much lessfavorable.<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#fn4" target="_blank">4</a> Peters and Fisher offerseveral possible explanations for this set of findings. They suggest that thetax incentives are not generous enough to overcome the substantialdisadvantages associated with the targeted areas. They also suggest that theadministration of zones, which often put conditions on the incentives thatexist, may reduce their attractiveness. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib6" target="_blank">Bondonio and Greenbaum (2007)</a> suggest that theinsignificant net effects mask countervailing positive effects on new firms andnegative effects on existing firms (who exit the zone), along with a number ofother interesting results. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib24" target="_blank">Lynch and Zax (in press)</a> look at establishment-leveldata, finding little effect for the state program in Colorado. They suggestthat the benefits of the program likely fall on immobile factors likecommercial real estate. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib23" target="_blank">Landers (2006)</a> finds similar results for the Ohio stateprogram.3 x* g' [% B8 T' R- z% _ . v( g) |/ Z+ d9 j/ t The literature examining the effects of the federal EmpowermentZone program is much less developed, but growing. It is important to note thatselection into the EZ program differed substantially from selection into stateprograms. In selecting federal Empowerment Zones, HUD required an applicationprocess. Applicant zones were evaluated not only on the demographic andeconomic “needs” of the zones, but also the expected efficacy of theapplicants' planned use of program funds. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib39" target="_blank">(Wallace, 2003)</a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib40" target="_blank">(Wallace, 2004)</a> examines this process, while<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib15" target="_blank">Greenbaum and Bondonio (2004)</a> examine how the process haschanged over the three rounds of the program. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib29" target="_blank">(Oakley et al., 2006)</a>, <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib30" target="_blank">(Oakley and Tsao, 2007a)</a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib31" target="_blank">(Oakley and Tsao, 2007b)</a>use propensity score matching,as inmuch of the recent literature on the state programs, to examine the effect ofChicago's and some other Empowerment Zones on a variety of socio-economicneighborhood outcomes. While they find some localized effects (e.g.onpoverty and related variables in the case of Chicago's zone), they characterizethe effects as underwhelming. When pooling four zones (in Chicago,Baltimore,Detroit and New York City), the intervention had no significant effects onpoverty, unemployment or average household income. 6 h) W0 T+ r6 B' M+ m! D Although most of the studies mentioned above examine jobcreation or employment outcomes, our primary variable of interest will be thevalue of owner-occupied housing in a neighborhood. We will also be examiningthe effect of EZ status on employment outcomes of neighborhood residents, yetthis more traditional variable takes a secondary position in that we examineonly the direct effects of the program on employment. This focus makes sensebecause the Empowerment Zone program is supposed to improve neighborhoods alonga variety of dimensions (<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib25" target="_blank">McCarthy, 1998</a>), not just improve employment outcomes.As such,the general quality of life in a neighborhood should be improved by theprogram. If the program is successful in making a neighborhood more attractive,the price of housing should increase (<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib36" target="_blank">[Rosen, 1974]</a> and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib2" target="_blank">[Bartik and Smith, 1987]</a>). Our empirical approach allows us toexamine the effects of EZ status on many other variables of more traditionalconcern (employment outcomes, poverty, etc.), but housing values will remainour focus. Two recent studies that look at the Empowerment Zone programdirect effects on a national level are <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib18" target="_blank">Hanson (2008)</a>and <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib7" target="_blank">Busso and Kline (2008)</a>. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib7" target="_blank">Busso and Kline (2008)</a> use propensity score matchingtechniques to assess the causal, direct effects on a variety of neighborhoodcharacteristics. They find significant, robust and generally positive effectson neighborhood racial makeup, employment, educational attainment poverty andhome values. <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V89-4VWB134-1&_user=29441&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%235865%232009%23999609995%231110098%23FLA%23display%23Volume%29&_cdi=5865&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000003858&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=29441&md5=878025a802fc413b33121f86946762d8#bib18" target="_blank">Hanson (2008)</a>uses an instrumental variables approach toaddress the endogeneity of zone designation. He finds evidence of endogeneityamongst his sample of zone and rejected zone applicants, but is not willing totake a strong position on the final direct effects. When controlling forendogeneity, he finds no statistically significant effect onemployment,although he finds very large effects on property values in somespecifications.

shunwen · 发表于 2011-7-6 10:09:54

那个water rights的，看了11分钟。 background，然后讲了权利规谁管的问题，讲了reserved water的种类，然后后面就忘了。抓抓，你弄明白了那篇了吗？

shunwen · 发表于 2011-7-6 10:43:27

抓抓，你这些资料是从哪里找的？

抓抓sandra · 发表于 2011-7-6 14:10:30

<div class="maxcode-quote">
那个water rights的，看了11分钟。 background，然后讲了权利规谁管的问题，讲了reserved water的种类，然后后面就忘了。抓抓，你弄明白了那篇了吗？<div style="text-align:right;">-- by 会员 shunwen (2011/7/6 10:09:54)</div> 
</div>
那篇昨天还没看哈,今天和新的一起看..看完咱讨论下~~ 速度的材料都是VOA special English的,越障的材料目前为止都还是GTER上前辈们的旧材料,等都贴完了以后就开始从economist找材料~

抓抓sandra · 发表于 2011-7-6 17:44:41

【速度1-14】 2行 5行...我疯了吧>< 5行 半行 4行 不知道为什么每次从VOA网站copy文章过来都会有好多词粘连在一起,相当影响阅读..太难受了..有没有谁知道怎么解决这个问题啊..>< 【越障1-9】 8min28s读完。 全篇介绍的是关于特区政策对特区和邻近地区的经济的影响。     1. 交代学术背景，有两种声音，传统的观念认为设置特区可以带动当地经济发展（原因是经济情况每个地区有各自的特点，特区特权可以有针对性地克服各自缺点。记得还提到了劳动力流动困难的特点。）逐渐出现认为特区设置对经济影响不大的观点。     2. 介绍传统的观念：税收的特殊设定可以影响商业发展。提到某个经济发展元素对税收的弹性是1-3左右，说明税收变化一点点就能带来很大的杠杆效应。     3. 介绍前人的研究，大概介绍了5-6种吧，方向各不相同，不同之处在于采取的观测指标和方法不一样。     4. 最后好像是说文章主要要研究两个人的研究，一个人是采用某方法，测出来特区政策对研究指标有影响。另一个人的研究是采用另一个方法，测出来特区政策对他所采取的那个指标没有影响，但是对其他的一些有影响

fox0923 · 发表于 2011-7-6 19:54:37

【越障1-6】 好几天不读了，退步了。。。用了5分40秒。。

sarah_kim · 发表于 2011-7-6 20:40:43

加入队伍呀~ 一直为提高阅读能力苦恼，竟然发现这么好的帖子， LZ真是好人，准备加入一起努力 偶是菜鸟级别，做了1-1，基本比LZ 多留2-3行（而且只是大概记得意思，有些句子没读明白），1-2的长篇看下去了，但是基本没弄懂啊！！感觉白看。。额 郁闷。 偶要坚持看。。。<img src="/static/legacy-emoticon/10.gif" emoticon="[em:10]" alt="" />

血浪 · 发表于 2011-7-6 22:32:14

楼主可以做个word文章汇总吗？

【第一期阅读小分队（已结束）】【每日阅读练习贴——速度+越障】【一楼汇总】（另附CD首发花儿阅读教材PDF）

【速度1-14】 7.6练习

【越障1-9】7.6：Empowerment Zones, neighborhood change and owner-occupied housing

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