再问OG164(大全714)(新增ETS官方回复)

vincent0330

以下是引用LES在2004-6-3 10:43:00的发言：

奇怪，为什么字体改不大！

大家将就的看吧。

你先把字号弄到3, 如果没变, 再弄回原字号选项, 有时就变大了.....

LES

谢谢狗狗，试了试，还是不行，可能是因为偶从EXCEL文档贴过来的关系吧！

vincent0330

今天上不了CD, 反而给我一个机会找which在CD关于跳跃修饰的相关说明:

下面的例子凡是which与OG中相关说明我用红色表示, which的指代对象用兰色表示, 至于干扰的介词另外用背景黄表示, 另外保留OG解释, 供大家讨论:

35.   In June of 1987, The Bridge of Trinquetaille, Vincent van Gogh’s view of an iron bridge over the Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was the second highest price ever paid for a painting at auction.

(A) Rhone sold for $20.2 million and it was

(B) Rhone, which sold for $20.2 million, was

(C) Rhone, was sold for $20.2 million,

(D) Rhone was sold for $20.2 million, being（C）

(E) Rhone, sold for $20.2 million, and was

A comma is needed after Rhone in choices A and D to set off the modifying phrase that begins Vincent...; without the comma, the phrase appears to be part of the main clause, and it is thus unclear what noun should govern the verb sold. Furthermore, it in A has no logical referent, and being in D is not idiomatic. Choices B and E produce the illogical statement that the painting was the second highest price. Choice C, the best answer, avoids this problem by using a noun phrase in which price clearly refers to $20.2 million. And by using a comma after Rhone to set off the phrase that modifies The Bridge of Trinquetaille, C makes the painting the subject of was sold.

这题which虽不是考点, 但在此明确指出which指代"Vincent van Gogh’s view "

(A of B, which指代A)

38.   Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.

(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings

(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity

(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area（D）

(E) sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

All of the choices but D contain ambiguities. In A and B the words which and where appear to refer to sediments, and in E it is not clear what consistent describes. In A, C, and E, there is no logical place to which there or its could refer. In D, the best choice, the phrase sediments from the Baltic Sea tells where the sediments originate, findings provides a noun for consistent to modify, and in the area clearly identifies where the industrial activity is growing.

这里很明确, which语法上就近指向sediment (A of B, which指代B), 逻辑上错误

49.   The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small, previously unseen moons circling Uranus, which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.

(A) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting

(B) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit

(C) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around

(D) doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting（B）

(E) which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit

The pronoun which should be used to refer to a previously mentioned noun, not to the idea expressed in an entire clause. In A, C, and E, which seems to refer to a vague concept involving the detection of moons, but there is no specific noun, such as detection, to which it can refer. Also in E, the use of the phrasing the number... now known that orbit is ungrammatical and unclear. B and D use the correct participial form, doubling, to modify the preceding clause, but D, like A, uses known as orbiting rather than known to orbit, a phrase that is more idiomatic in context. B, therefore, is the best answer.

这里的which, 在OG的解释偏向错误指代前句

50.   As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

(A) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision.

(B) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult.

(C) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult.

(D) A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind.（D）

(E) As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500.

In choice A, it, the subject of the main clause, seems to refer to baby, the subject of the subordinate clause; thus, A seems to state that the newborn baby, rather than its sense of vision, would be rated 20/500. Similarly, choices B and E use awkward and ambiguous phrasing that suggests that the sense of vision, rather than an adult with 20/500 vision, would be considered legally blind. C incorrectly uses the semicolon, which should separate independent clauses, to set off a verb phrase. The phrase if an adult in C is also illogical, since it states that a baby could also be an adult. D is the best choice.

这里也是语法上指代sense of vision, 逻辑上错误(OG没说是指代A of B中的任一个)

78.   The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(A) which results in loss in vigor, and spread

(B) resulting in loss in vigor, or spreading

(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading

(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread（D）

(E) with a resulting loss of vigor, and spread

Choice A misuses which: as a relative pronoun, which should refer to a specific noun rather than to the action of an entire clause. A also produces the unidiomatic and illogical construction either... and. Choice B properly uses a verb phrase (resulting...) instead of which to modify the action of the first clause and also correctly completes either with or, but the verbs following either and or are not parallel: spreading must be spread to match become. Choice C is flawed by the nonparallel verb spreading and the wordy phrase that begins with the result of. Choice E is similarly wordy and uses and where or is required. Choice D—concise, idiomatic, and parallel with the rest of the sentence—is best.

这里的which错误指代前句

119. Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.

(A) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of

(B) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business

(C) significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of

(D) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business（B）

(E) significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

Choice B, the best answer, uses clear and concise phrasing to state that it is the effects of drug and alcohol abuse that already cost business the sum mentioned. In A, to business is awkwardly and confusingly inserted between cost and the prepositional phrase that modifies it, and are already a cost to business is wordy and awkward compared to cost business. In C, already with business costs of... is awkward and unclear, failing to specify that those prior effects generate the cost. Choices D and E produce faulty constructions with the phrase significant in compounding, which cannot grammatically modify the verb form is growing.

这里which指代the effects (A of B,  which指向A)

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-3 11:05:39编辑过]

vincent0330

178. In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have

(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have

(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have

(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has（E）

(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has

At issue in this question is subject-verb agreement; the number... has risen must be the kernel of the main clause. Choice E, the best answer, uses a singular verb form, has, to agree with the singular subject, the number. Choices A, B, and C mistake criminals for the sentence subject and so incorrectly use the plural verb form have. In B and C the verb phrases (performing... ) do not clearly modify criminals, because another noun (sentences) intrudes, nor do the verb phrases clearly establish temporal relationships among events. D is wordy and imprecise (in their performing of specific jobs).

这里which就近修饰service sentence

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-3 11:13:21编辑过]

vincent0330

183. Archaeologists in Ireland believe that a recently discovered chalice, which dates from the eighth century, was probably buried to keep from being stolen by invaders.

(A) to keep from

(B) to keep it from

(C) to avoid

(D) in order that it would avoid（B）

(E) in order to keep from

In choice A, the phrase from being stolen lacks the necessary noun or pronoun that specifies what it is that might be stolen. Choice B is best because it provides the pronoun it, which refers to chalice. Like choice A, choices C and E lack the pronoun. D is wordy and awkward in its use of the passive voice. Moreover, avoid is used imprecisely in C and D because it illogically suggests that the chalice is acting to prevent its own theft.

这里的which也是就近修饰chalice

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-3 11:12:29编辑过]

vincent0330

189. Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these.

(A) as an expert does—computers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these

(B) as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan

(C) like an expert—computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan

(D) like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized（C）

(E) like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like

A correct sentence must maintain parallel structure. In choice A, the three-part series (to diagnose..., deciding,... or other purposes...) lacks parallelism. C, the best choice, replaces A’s third element with for such purposes as; this phrase functions as a stem for the other two elements, which are recast as two parallel phrases—diagnosing... or deciding.... Thus, choice C not only manages the parallel structure but avoids the less effective other purposes such as these at the end of choice A. Choice E uses faulty parallel structure (to be used..., deciding..., or the like). In B and D, which and the use of which introduce sentence elements that lack antecedents or reference. In addition, D is wordy.

这里which没有先行词可指代(应指代computer的, 但是语法上不行)

229. The colorization of black-and-white films by computers is defended by those who own the film rights, for the process can mean increased revenues for them; many others in the film industry, however, contend that the technique degrades major works of art, which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue.

(A) which they liken to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

(B) which they liken to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it

(C) which they liken to lipstick put on a Greek statue

(D) likening it to a Greek statue with lipstick put on it（E）

(E) likening it to putting lipstick on a Greek statue

Choice E, the best answer, correctly and logically compares the technique of colorization to the act of putting lipstick on a Greek statue. In A, B, and C, the relative pronoun which refers not to the technique but to the noun phrase immediately preceding it, major works of art. As a result, these works are compared to putting lipstick on... in A, to a Greek statue in B, and to lipstick in C. Choice D corrects this problem by eliminating the which construction and supplying the pronoun it, thus referring clearly to the technique, but it illogically compares the technique to a Greek statue.

这里which逻辑上指代technique, 语法上却就近指代major work of art

253. Analysts blamed May’s sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.

(A) colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed

(B) which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing

(C) since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed

(D) being colder and wetter than usually in some regions, slowing（B）

(E) having been colder and wetter than was usual in some regions and slowed

Choice B is the best answer. It is concise and idiomatic, and which has a clear referent, the weather. In A, the insertion of was is unnecessary, and the referent of which is not clear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In C, the adjective usual is needed in place of the adverb usually, and the referent of which is unclear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In D and E, the verb phrases (being colder..., having been colder...) do not refer as clearly to the noun weather as the pronoun which does. Choice D needs the adjective usual in place of the adverb usually, while choice E fails to maintain parallelism in verb tense (having been... and slowed).

这里which明确指代weather

<OG86年版>感谢宝宝提供

16.   The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980’s.

(A) The modernization program for the steel mill will cost approximately 51 million dollars, which it is hoped can be completed in the late 1980’s.

(B) The modernization program for the steel mill, hopefully completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.

(C) Modernizing the steel mill, hopefully to be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.

(D) The program for modernizing the steel mill, which can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s and cost approximately 51 million dollars.（E）

(E) Modernizing the steel mill, a program that can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost approximately 51 million dollars.

Choice A can be faulted because which grammatically refers to 51 million dollars, the nearest noun phrase.

At any rate, it is not clear in choices A, B, C, or D whether the modernization program or the steel mil is supposed to be completed in the late 1980’s.

In B and C, the use of hopefully for it is hoped still meets with strong and widespread objection from many editors, lexicographers, and authors of usage handbooks. Asdie from having an ambiguous which, D contains no independent clause and so cannot stand as a sentence. Choice E is the correct answer for this very difficult question.

which语法上指代51million, 逻辑指代program

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-6-5 3:48:10编辑过]

vincent0330

XDF-S8-19 和和S9-21

S8-19:

Out of America’s fascination with all (B) things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the
claw-footed bathtub.

这里的that跳跃修饰market

S9-21:

From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of (E) baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.

这里的which指代canoe, 中间的with短语为插入句

vincent0330

大家看看吧!!

vincent0330

LES....等你来总结啦....我去睡啦!!

bon

记得以前有人因为某个错误写信问过ETS的，后来证实了

不妨再试试。。。