一些逻辑问题的分析

alicejingli

难道说反问的思路就是说当原文涉及到两种不同类型的事物A\B，题里的两个条件都说的是一方A了，结论涉及到两个东西的比较，那这道题的假设也得是比较？

还有，这道题如果按照你的方法进行反问，那就是说想两个B条件跟A条件相同出发点。然后就得出结论的反面假设。然后我再取非就可以对吗??

alicejingli

对了，顺便还想问一下楼主做假设题的思路是啥？谢谢

Eileenl

93. Commentator: The theory of trade retaliation states
that countries closed out of any of another country’s
markets should close some of their own markets to
the other country in order to pressure the other
country to reopen its markets. If every country acted
according to this theory, no country would trade with
any other.
The commentator’s argument relies on which of the
following assumptions?
(A) No country actually acts according to the theory
of trade retaliation.
(B) No country should block any of its markets to
foreign trade.
(C) Trade disputes should be settled by international
tribunal.
(D) For any two countries, at least one has some
market closed to the other.
(E) Countries close their markets to foreigners to
protect domestic producers.
请教LZ做这种题的思路是什么？题中说为了给外国施压本国将关闭一些市场，问这个理论的假设是什么？
94. Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by
customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger
when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a creditcard
logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that
simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many creditcard
holders willing to spend more because it reminds
them that their spending power exceeds the cash they
have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports
the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
(A) The effect noted in the studies is not limited to
patrons who have credit cards.
(B) Patrons who are under fi nancial pressure from
their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when
presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with a
credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
(C) In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the
patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess
credit cards.
(D) In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills
in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay
by credit card.
(E) The percentage of restaurant bills paid with a
given brand of credit card increases when that
credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with
which the bill is presented
答案D 感觉E也对啊，人们看到有LOGO的烟灰缸后就更多地用信用卡支付啦，应为他们认为spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.

89. Since it has become known that several of a bank’s
top executives have been buying shares in their
own bank, the bank’s depositors, who had been
worried by rumors that the bank faced impending
fi nancial collapse, have been greatly relieved. They
reason that, since top executives evidently have faith
in the bank’s fi nancial soundness, those worrisome
rumors must be false. Such reasoning might well be
overoptimistic, however, since corporate executives
have been known to buy shares in their own
company in a calculated attempt to dispel
negative rumors about the company’s health.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play
which of the following roles?
(A) The fi rst describes evidence that has been taken
as supporting a conclusion; the second gives a
reason for questioning that support.
(B) The fi rst describes evidence that has been taken
as supporting a conclusion; the second states a
contrary conclusion that is the main conclusion
of the argument.
(C) The fi rst provides evidence in support of the
main conclusion of the argument; the second
states that conclusion.
(D) The fi rst describes the circumstance that the
argument as a whole seeks to explain; the
second gives the explanation that the argument
seeks to establish.
(E) The fi rst describes the circumstance that the
argument as a whole seeks to explain; the
second provides evidence in support of the
explanation that the argument seeks to
establish.
这个题中，怎么区分circumstances，evidence，reasonS？题中要说的Conclusion是什么呢？E为什么不对？

zoukan

不知道楼主还会不会来
这几天做GWD做得极郁闷，觉得和OG差别好大，好多题都觉得太绕了，还怀疑答案是不是错了啊
不知道楼主怎么看GWD，现在的题都这样的吗？还是觉得PREP正常一点

还有哦，其实一战能690我觉得已经很不错了，再战一定可以上七，楼主要是有时间不妨再战啊。

aomeisoft7

不知道楼主还会不会来
这几天做GWD做得极郁闷，觉得和OG差别好大，好多题都觉得太绕了，还怀疑答案是不是错了啊
不知道楼主怎么看GWD，现在的题都这样的吗？还是觉得PREP正常一点

还有哦，其实一战能690我觉得已经很不错了，再战一定可以上七，楼主要是有时间不妨再战啊。

-- by 会员 zoukan (2010/10/15 22:00:59)

       我做GWD也非常郁闷的，前面几套都是错18-21个左右吧..哎，朋友都说要保证10个以内实战才能700+。一直都GWD有种莫名的抵触情绪，因为觉得没有官方肯定的答案，看牛牛长达几年的讨论帖也经常看不出个结论来。我一战前连PREP是什么都不知道...哎，后来准备二战的时候才发现真是个好东西，比GWD正常多了（纯属心理暗示）。我后来就一直看PP语法笔记，逻辑和阅读的破解。觉得挺有用的（虽然考试的时候还是觉得两眼蒙）。
       后来08新的语法笔记出来了，就是新版的PP破解，里面的题目居然绝大多数都是GWD的原题！！（可因为临近考试我没有仔细看过）而且官方也给出了正确的答案（很多争论提终于有了大结局）。这说明GWD的题还是很有价值的，所以你不要觉得它和OG差距大产生自主的抵触情绪。


ps. 其实楼主我690是二战... 一战是580...
我好犹豫好犹豫要不要三战，英语基础真的很差，不知道三战会不会有提高 ，特别想重考，又怕接受不了万一比690还差，怎么办啊........

zoukan

不知道楼主还会不会来
这几天做GWD做得极郁闷，觉得和OG差别好大，好多题都觉得太绕了，还怀疑答案是不是错了啊
不知道楼主怎么看GWD，现在的题都这样的吗？还是觉得PREP正常一点

还有哦，其实一战能690我觉得已经很不错了，再战一定可以上七，楼主要是有时间不妨再战啊。

-- by 会员 zoukan (2010/10/15 22:00:59)

       我做GWD也非常郁闷的，前面几套都是错18-21个左右吧..哎，朋友都说要保证10个以内实战才能700+。一直都GWD有种莫名的抵触情绪，因为觉得没有官方肯定的答案，看牛牛长达几年的讨论帖也经常看不出个结论来。我一战前连PREP是什么都不知道...哎，后来准备二战的时候才发现真是个好东西，比GWD正常多了（纯属心理暗示）。我后来就一直看PP语法笔记，逻辑和阅读的破解。觉得挺有用的（虽然考试的时候还是觉得两眼蒙）。
       后来08新的语法笔记出来了，就是新版的PP破解，里面的题目居然绝大多数都是GWD的原题！！（可因为临近考试我没有仔细看过）而且官方也给出了正确的答案（很多争论提终于有了大结局）。这说明GWD的题还是很有价值的，所以你不要觉得它和OG差距大产生自主的抵触情绪。


ps. 其实楼主我690是二战... 一战是580...
我好犹豫好犹豫要不要三战，英语基础真的很差，不知道三战会不会有提高 ，特别想重考，又怕接受不了万一比690还差，怎么办啊........

-- by 会员 aomeisoft7 (2010/10/16 11:10:11)

唉，看来还是硬着头皮做GWD了，那些讨论贴我也觉得又多又杂，还不一定有结论。。PREP新版语法笔记我也下了，还没看，等做段时间GWD再看。
至于三战，我想如果时间上允许的话，再试一下！不过其他essay什么的也很重要，加上选校什么的，相当费时间啊，反正我这个人一心不能二用，两个一起来肯定搞不定。楼主如果不是一定要赶明年秋季的话，应该是有时间再战的。呃，要是申明年的话，就是赶了点，我就是啊，相当赶啊，到现在G都没搞定，唉唉。。
楼主你两次考进步很大呀，好现象！
不管怎么说，希望LZ以后好运！！

alfxu

看得出来楼主是逻辑高手。问几个gwd题啊，我自己想过了哦。可是还是想要看看你的思路。
Q7:
Although the discount stores in Goreville’s central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long.  In the five years since the opening of Colson’s, a nondiscount department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson’s.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.    Many customers of Colson’s are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the SpendLess store opened.
B.    Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson’s opened have been discount stores.
C.    At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.
D.    Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville’s population will grow at a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.
E.    Many stores in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available at either SpendLess or Colson’s.
说实话，我这题只会用排除法。

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Q27:
In parts of the Caribbean, the manatee, an endangered marine mammal, has long been hunted for its meat.  Having noted the manatee hunters’ expert knowledge of manatees’ habits, local conservationists are encouraging the hunters to stop hunting and instead to take tourists on boat rides to see manatees.  Tourist interest is high, so the plan has promise of achieving the twin goals of giving the former hunters a good income and helping ensure the manatees’ survival.

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubt about the plan’s chance of success?

A.    Many tourists who visit these parts of the Caribbean are uninterested in manatees and would not be willing to pay what the former manatee hunters would have to charge for boat rides to see manatees.
B.    Recovery of the species would enable some hunting to continue without putting the manatees’ survival in jeopardy again.
C.    In areas where manatees have traditionally been hunted for food, local people could easily replace the manatee meat in their diets with other foods obtained from the sea.
D.    There would not be enough former manatee hunters to act as guides for all the tourists who want to see manatees.
E.    To maintain their current income, manatee hunters who switched to guiding tourists would have to use far larger boats and make many more trips into the manatees’ fragile habitat than they currently do.
此题为什么D不对，不也是没法得两全吗？（没有足够的hunters转型为导游则收入没法保证，捕猎也会继续）可答案是E

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Q40.
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.  However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.  

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.    These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.
B.    Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.
C.    Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.
D.    Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.
E.    Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
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我还是只能用排除法，但是答案E我都不懂什么意思。
多谢。
ps：我现在也用楼主的图示法在做题，可是还是不得其门而入。我发现很多时候是选项看不明白。不知道楼主对选项的分析有没有什么独到的办法？

aomeisoft7

看得出来楼主是逻辑高手。问几个gwd题啊，我自己想过了哦。可是还是想要看看你的思路。
Q7:
Although the discount stores in Goreville’s central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long.  In the five years since the opening of Colson’s, a nondiscount department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson’s.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.    Many customers of Colson’s are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the SpendLess store opened.
B.    Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson’s opened have been discount stores.
C.    At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.
D.    Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville’s population will grow at a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.
E.    Many stores in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available at either SpendLess or Colson’s.
说实话，我这题只会用排除法。

-------------------------------------------------
Q27:
In parts of the Caribbean, the manatee, an endangered marine mammal, has long been hunted for its meat.  Having noted the manatee hunters’ expert knowledge of manatees’ habits, local conservationists are encouraging the hunters to stop hunting and instead to take tourists on boat rides to see manatees.  Tourist interest is high, so the plan has promise of achieving the twin goals of giving the former hunters a good income and helping ensure the manatees’ survival.

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubt about the plan’s chance of success?

A.    Many tourists who visit these parts of the Caribbean are uninterested in manatees and would not be willing to pay what the former manatee hunters would have to charge for boat rides to see manatees.
B.    Recovery of the species would enable some hunting to continue without putting the manatees’ survival in jeopardy again.
C.    In areas where manatees have traditionally been hunted for food, local people could easily replace the manatee meat in their diets with other foods obtained from the sea.
D.    There would not be enough former manatee hunters to act as guides for all the tourists who want to see manatees.
E.    To maintain their current income, manatee hunters who switched to guiding tourists would have to use far larger boats and make many more trips into the manatees’ fragile habitat than they currently do.
此题为什么D不对，不也是没法得两全吗？（没有足够的hunters转型为导游则收入没法保证，捕猎也会继续）可答案是E

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Q40.
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives.  However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.  

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.    These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.
B.    Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.
C.    Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.
D.    Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.
E.    Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
--------------------------------------------------------
我还是只能用排除法，但是答案E我都不懂什么意思。
多谢。
ps：我现在也用楼主的图示法在做题，可是还是不得其门而入。我发现很多时候是选项看不明白。不知道楼主对选项的分析有没有什么独到的办法？

-- by 会员 alfxu (2010/10/26 9:49:20)

Although the discount stores in Goreville’s central shopping district are expected to close within fi ve
years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those
locations will not stay vacant for long. In the fi ve years since the opening of Colson’s, a nondiscount
department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store in the shopping district that
closed because it could not compete with Colson’s.
现在 新开了spendless折扣店，预计周围的折扣店5年内会倒闭，但是店面不会空很久（即会很快开新店）。
这个预计是因为过去的例子：
5年前，Colson非折扣店开张，周围的非折扣店倒闭，但很快开了很多新店与Colson竞争。（B选项强调新店是折扣店）
问削弱
(B) Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson’s opened
have been discount stores.
在Colson店开张后开的新店都是折扣店。

Colson后这些新开的店之所以可以和C竞争，是因为：C是非折扣店，这些新店是折扣店
现在开了家大型的折扣店，周边的以前的小折扣店倒闭后，就不可能在有新店抗衡了，所以削弱结论

Q27
结论是achieving the twin goals of giving the former hunters a good income and helping ensure the manatees’ survival
D选项 和good income，manatees’ survival毫无关系，没有足够的guid给所有的游客，那限制游客数不就完了，题目没有说目的 是满足所有的游客。和E仔细比较久知道和 题目结论的有关无关 的对比了

Q40
本贴26页251楼

做题不懂的问题，在CD上都有丰富的前人讨论，用“搜索”功能就能很快解决自己的问题了

建议：英语理解要过关，理解有关无关项（找准结论）
多做练习就好了，不要担心

alfxu

我又来问了。不好意思。有好几个。
89.    (31236-!-item-!-188;#058&005728)

Goronian lawmaker:  Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.  Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?
答案是c，还是不明白里面的逻辑关系，如果弄明白CIB是否能阻止相当部分的次等cheese进入本国就能决定CIB是否应该存续。 条理不是很清晰啊。a为什么不对？
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101.    (31700-!-item-!-188;#058&006145)    (GWD 3-Q38/prep 2-6 different type)

Two computer companies, Garnet and Renco, each pay Salcor to provide health insurance for their employees.  Because early treatment of high cholesterol can prevent strokes that would otherwise occur several years later, Salcor encourages Garnet employees to have their cholesterol levels tested and to obtain early treatment for high cholesterol.  Renco employees generally remain with Renco only for a few years, however.  Therefore, Salcor lacks any financial incentive to provide similar encouragement to Renco employees.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Early treatment of high cholesterol does not eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life.
B. People often obtain early treatment for high cholesterol on their own.
C. Garnet hires a significant number of former employees of Renco.
D. Renco and Garnet have approximately the same number of employees.
E. Renco employees are not, on average, significantly younger than Garnet employees.
答案是C
我不知道保险公司的incentive到底在哪？这和G公司雇了很多R公司的员工有何关系？
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Q12.
In Kantovia, physicians’ income comes from insurance companies, which require
physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations
from the companies’ treatment guidelines. Ten years ago physicians were allowed
more discretion. Most physicians believe that the companies’ requirements now
prevent them from spending enough time with patients. Yet the average amount of
time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased
somewhat over the last ten years.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy
between physicians’ perceptions and the change in the actual time spent?
A.    atients are more likely to be in a hurry nowadays and are less willing to
wait a long time to see their physician.
B.    hysicians today typically have a wider range of options in diagnosis and
treatment to consider with the patient before prescribing.
C.    hysicians are increasingly likely to work in group practices, sharing the
responsibility of night and weekend work.
D.    Most patients would rather trust their physicians than their insurance
companies to make decisions about their treatment.
E.    Since the insurance companies pay physicians a set amount for each
office visit, it is to physicians’ financial advantage to see as many
Patients as possible.
答案是B，为何E不对。
B中的在诊前医生有更多的考虑怎么就增加了和病人的接触时间呢？
多谢楼主。

aomeisoft7

我又来问了。不好意思。有好几个。
89.    (31236-!-item-!-188;#058&005728)

Goronian lawmaker:  Goronia's Cheese Importation Board, the agency responsible for inspecting all wholesale shipments of cheese entering Goronia from abroad and rejecting shipments that fail to meet specified standards, rejects about one percent of the cheese that it inspects.  Since the health consequences and associated costs of not rejecting that one percent would be negligible, whereas the cost of maintaining the agency is not, the agency's cost clearly outweighs the benefits it provides.
Knowing the answer to which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the lawmaker's argument?
A. Are any of the types of cheeses that are imported into Goronia also produced in Goronia?
B. Has the Cheese Importation Board, over the last several years, reduced its operating costs by eliminating inefficiencies within the agency itself?
C. Does the possibility of having merchandise rejected by the Cheese Importation Board deter many cheese exporters from shipping substandard cheese to Goronia?
D. Are there any exporters of cheese to Goronia whose merchandise is never rejected by the Cheese Importation Board?
E. How is the cheese rejected by the Cheese Importation Board disposed of?
答案是c，还是不明白里面的逻辑关系，如果弄明白CIB是否能阻止相当部分的次等cheese进入本国就能决定CIB是否应该存续。 条理不是很清晰啊。a为什么不对？
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101.    (31700-!-item-!-188;#058&006145)    (GWD 3-Q38/prep 2-6 different type)

Two computer companies, Garnet and Renco, each pay Salcor to provide health insurance for their employees.  Because early treatment of high cholesterol can prevent strokes that would otherwise occur several years later, Salcor encourages Garnet employees to have their cholesterol levels tested and to obtain early treatment for high cholesterol.  Renco employees generally remain with Renco only for a few years, however.  Therefore, Salcor lacks any financial incentive to provide similar encouragement to Renco employees.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Early treatment of high cholesterol does not eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life.
B. People often obtain early treatment for high cholesterol on their own.
C. Garnet hires a significant number of former employees of Renco.
D. Renco and Garnet have approximately the same number of employees.
E. Renco employees are not, on average, significantly younger than Garnet employees.
答案是C
我不知道保险公司的incentive到底在哪？这和G公司雇了很多R公司的员工有何关系？
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Q12.
In Kantovia, physicians’ income comes from insurance companies, which require
physicians to document their decisions in treating patients and to justify deviations
from the companies’ treatment guidelines. Ten years ago physicians were allowed
more discretion. Most physicians believe that the companies’ requirements now
prevent them from spending enough time with patients. Yet the average amount of
time a patient spends with a physician during an office visit has actually increased
somewhat over the last ten years.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy
between physicians’ perceptions and the change in the actual time spent?
A.    atients are more likely to be in a hurry nowadays and are less willing to
wait a long time to see their physician.
B.    hysicians today typically have a wider range of options in diagnosis and
treatment to consider with the patient before prescribing.
C.    hysicians are increasingly likely to work in group practices, sharing the
responsibility of night and weekend work.
D.    Most patients would rather trust their physicians than their insurance
companies to make decisions about their treatment.
E.    Since the insurance companies pay physicians a set amount for each
office visit, it is to physicians’ financial advantage to see as many
Patients as possible.
答案是B，为何E不对。
B中的在诊前医生有更多的考虑怎么就增加了和病人的接触时间呢？
多谢楼主。

-- by 会员 alfxu (2010/10/28 10:55:16)

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-378117-1-1.html


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