二战日记- GWD/OG/PP全汉化

lex_xu

一战失利，二战再来，在此写下新的出师表，以示决心！

为了二战成功，为了我HK MBA的理想，在这里写下二战复习计划，大家可以监督指正，谢谢大家，希望我们可以一起成长！！

目标日期		10月30日

目标：	1轮	GWD/OG/PP - RC/CR完全汉化
	2轮	考点归位，制作RC/CR省略版本
	3轮	横向比较，逻辑简图，开始SC的复习
	4轮	冲刺，只看文章

	GWD	OG	PP
RC	88	60	35
CR	244	250	68
优先级	1	2	3
白班	9/60	9/60	9/60
夜班	27/190	27/190	27/190
1轮耗时	10+4=14	3.5+1.5=5	5+2=7天
起止	5.3-6.13-6.25	6.26-7.5-7.11	7.12-7.17-7.19
2轮耗时	3.25+1.25=5.5	2.25+1.5=3.75	5+2=7天
起止	7.20-8.2-8.7	8.8-8.17-8.23	8.24-8.29-8.31

首先进入第一轮，我会以日记的形式把每天完成的GWD阅读做一个汉译版的，并贴在下面的帖子中，强迫自己踏实的进行完全的精读练习，欢迎大家跟贴讨论！！

debbiewu101

LZ加油!!同加油！！！

ligirl

hehehhhe! Good Luck!

lex_xu

4月28日 4篇

1.        GWD-1-Q4 to Q6

      The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil

       War) political history and women’s his-

       tory use separate sources and focus

on separate issues.

美国内战前的时期，政治历史与妇女历史所使用的资源以及所关注的焦点问题是不同的。

 Political historians, examining sources such as voting

records, newspapers, and politicians’

writings, focus on the emergence in the

1840’s of a new “American political

nation,” and since women were neither

 (10)      voters nor politicians, they receive little

discussion.

政治历史学家所研究的资源是例如选举纪录，新闻报纸，以及一些政治家的著作，所关注的是1840年新的‘美国政治国家’的出现，并且，因为当时妇女既不是选民也不是政治家，所以她们只得到较少的关注。

  Women’s historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the

subject of party politics, instead draw-

ing on personal papers, legal  records

 (15)      such as wills, and records of  female

associations to illuminate women’s

domestic lives, their moral reform

activities, and the emergence of the

woman’s rights movement. （两种历史学家不同的观点）

其间的妇女历史学家们，对于党派政治则没有什么兴趣，相反，他们关注于个人自传，合法的纪录例如遗嘱，以及妇联对于妇女们的家庭生活的说明的纪录，她们的精神改善的活动和女权运动的出现。

 (20)            However, most historians have

underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance

in the antebellum period. 

然而，大部分的历史学家们都低估了内战前妇女们对于政治的忠诚的程度以及意义。

For example,in the presidential election campaigns

 (25)      of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party

strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s

women by inviting them to rallies and

speeches. 

例如，在1840年的总统竞选活动中，V W党派通过邀请妇女们参加他们的集会以及演讲来努力赢得V妇女们的支持。

According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the

 (30)      party’s rallies gathered information

that enabled them to mold party-loyal

families, reminded men of moral values

       that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party.

按照W党派的宣传，出现在党派集会上负责收集信息的妇女们能够使得她们塑造对党派忠诚的家庭成员，也能够提醒男士们一种超越了党派忠诚的道德价值观，并且还能够在党派的授予道德名望。

 (35)      Virginia Democrats, in response,

       began to make similar appeals to

women as well. 

VD，作为回应，也开始对妇女们提供同样的吸引。

By the mid-1850’s

the inclusion of women in the rituals of

party politics had become common-

 (40)      place, and the ideology that justified

such inclusion had been assimilated

by the Democrats.（被忽略的妇女政治忠诚）

到了19世纪50年代中期的时候，妇女们参与到党派政治的仪式已经变得很平常了，并且对于这种参与的意识形态已经为D们所吸收。

lex_xu

1.        GWD-1-Q9 to Q12

      Over the last 150 years, large

       stretches of salmon habitat have

       been eliminated by human activity:

Line           mining, livestock
            grazing, timber

  (5)      harvesting, and agriculture as well

as recreational and urban devel-

opment. 

在过去的150年里，大马哈鱼栖息地的范围因人类的活动诸如采矿，家畜的放养，木材的砍伐，以及农业休闲和城镇开发用地而大幅度消失了。

The numerical effect is

obvious:  there are fewer salmon

in degraded regions than in pristine ones;

数字上的影响十分的明显：受影响区域的大马哈鱼要比未受影响的区域少得多。

however, habitat loss

also has the potential to reduce

genetic diversity. 

然而，栖息地的减少同样也潜在的较少了基因的多样性。

This is most

evident in cases where it results

in the extinction of entire salmon

populations.

这在那些因此而导致的全部的大马哈鱼灭绝的地方是非常明显的。

       Indeed, most
        analysts believe that some kind

of environmental degradation

underlies the demise of many

extinct salmon populations.
            

确实，大部分分析家相信一些环境的恶化是导致大量灭绝的大马哈鱼死亡的基础。

 (20)      Although some rivers have

       been recolonized, the unique

       genes of the original populations

have been lost.
        （提出现象：数量减少，基因多样性下降，因为环境问题）

尽管一些河流被重新开拓，但最初的唯一的基因已经消失了。

      Large-scale disturbances in

 (25)      one locale
            also have the potential

to alter the genetic structure of

populations in neighboring areas,

even if those areas have pristine

habitats. 

一个区域的大规模的骚乱同样可能会潜在的改变其相邻区域的成员的基因结构，即使这些区域是未受到恶化的。

Why?  Although the

 (30)      homing
            instinct of salmon to their

natal stream is strong, a fraction

of the fish returning from the sea

       (rarely more than 15 percent)

stray and spawn in nearby

(35)          streams. 

为什么呢？尽管，使得大马哈鱼回到他们出生地的自导引的本能很强，但是一小部分在回程中的鱼（大约为15%）会在其附近的水域中迷路或产卵。

     Low levels of straying

are crucial, since the process

provides a source of novel

genes and a mechanism

      by which a location can be

 (40)     repopulated should the fish

there disappear.

低程度的迷路非常重要，因为该过程提供一种新的基因和机构使得那些鱼儿消失的区域可以被重新入住。

 Yet high rates

of straying can be problematic

because misdirected fish may

interbreed with the existing stock

 (45)      to such a degree that any local

adaptations that are present

become diluted. 

然而，大量的鱼儿迷路将会带来很大的问题，因为迷路的鱼会与那些已经当地血统的鱼进行杂交到一个使得本地鱼存在的特征被冲淡的程度。

Straying
        rates remain relatively low when

environmental conditions are

 (50)      stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe

disturbance. 

当环境的情况比较稳定时，迷路的比例还是相对较低的，但是当河流遭受严重的扰动时，这个比例会非常明显的增加。

The 1980 volcanic

eruption of Mount Saint Helens,

for example, sent mud and debris

 (55)      into several tributaries of the

Columbia River. 

例如，1980年的MSH的火山爆发将很多的泥浆和碎片送到哥伦比亚河的几条支流中。

For the next
        couple of years, steelhead trout

(a species included among the

salmonids) returning from the

 (60)      sea to spawn were forced to

find alternative streams.

在接下来的二年里,从大海里返回产卵的st(大马哈鱼的一种)就需要找到其他代替的流域.

 As a consequence, their rates of

straying, initially 16 percent,

rose to more than 40 percent

 (65)      overall.(另外后果及原因:干扰同样导致基因结构变化，因为洄游路线频率上升)

 其中一个后果就是,他们迷路的比例从原有的16%升到了40%. 

   Although no one has quantified

changes in the rate of straying

as a result of the disturbances

caused by humans, there is no

 (70)      reason to suspect that the effect

would be qualitatively different

than what was seen in the

aftermath of the Mount
            Saint

Helens eruption.

尽管没有人量化因为人类的骚扰而迷路的比例的变更,但没有理由怀疑这个效果会在本质上与MSH火山爆发那次所带来的后果有什么不同.

 Such a dra-

 (75)      matic increase in straying from

damaged areas to more pristine

streams results in substantial

gene flow, which can in turn lower

the overall fitness of subsequent

generations.(最终结果：后代适应性变差)

这种明显的恶化的区域比未受恶化的区域的迷路的增加导致了实质上的基因的变动,而这种变动也相应的降低了后代的适应性.

lex_xu

1.        GWD-1-Q25 to Q28

      Recently biologists have been

       interested in a tide-associated

       periodic behavior displayed by

Line       the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a

  (5)      microscopic golden-brown alga that

inhabits that portion of a shoreline

washed by tides (the intertidal zone).

最近生物学家对一种HV的藻所显示的与潮汐的周期有关的行为变化产生了兴趣,这种用显微镜可见的金褐色的藻栖息于一部分为潮汐所冲刷出的海岸线上.

Diatoms of this species, sometimes

called “commuter” diatoms, remain

 (10)      burrowed in the sand during high

tide, and emerge on the sand sur-

face during the daytime low tide.

这种藻,有时被称为”通勤者”属,在涨潮时留在沙滩的地洞中,在白天落潮时则出现在沙滩表面上.

Just before the sand is inundated by

the rising tide, the diatoms burrow

again. 

在沙滩被涨潮的水淹没前会回到洞穴中.

       Some scientists hypothesize

that commuter diatoms know that it

is low tide because they sense an

environmental change, such as an

alteration in temperature or a change

 (20)      in pressure caused by tidal move-

       ment.

      一些科学家猜测,这种藻知道当前是落潮是因为对当前环境变化的感知,例如因潮汐移动而导致的温度或气压的变化

    However, when diatoms are

       observed under constant conditions

in a laboratory, they still display

periodic behavior, continuing to bur-

 (25)      row on schedule for several weeks.

然而,当这种藻处在实验室中相对稳定的环境条件中时,他们仍然显现周期性的行为,仍然在几周内会在既定的时间里进入洞穴.

This indicates that commuter diatoms,

rather than relying on environmental

cues to keep time, possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock

 (30)      that enables them to anticipate peri-

odic changes in the environment.

这指出了这种藻并非是依靠对周围环境的暗示来保持周期的,而是他们拥有一种内部的起搏器或是生物钟来使得他们能够预期周期性的环境的变化.

A commuter diatom has an unusu-

       ally accurate biological clock, a

consequence of the unrelenting

 (35)
               environmental pressures to which

it is subjected; any diatoms that do

not burrow before the tide arrives

are washed away.(提出现象及其研究)

这种藻拥有非常与众不同的精准的生物钟. 一种不受制于任何环境压力的生物钟;任何不在涨潮时进入洞穴中的都会被冲走.   

 This is not to suggest that the

 (40)     period of this biological clock is

immutably fixed.

这并不表示这种生物钟的周期是固定的永恒不变的.

 Biologists have

concluded that even though a

diatom does not rely on the envi-

ronment to keep time, environmental

 (45)      factors—including changes in the

tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salinity, mechanical agitation, and

temperature—can alter the period

of its biological clock according to

(50)            changes in the tidal cycle.

      生物学家认定,即使这种藻不是依照周围环境的变化来保持周期的,但环境因素-包括潮汐的静体力学压力的变化,盐度,机械的搅动以及温度-根据潮汐的周期的变化可能会改变它的生物钟的周期.

       In short,

the relation between an organism’s

biological clock and its environment

is similar to that between a wristwatch

and its owner:  the owner cannot

 (55)      make the watch run faster or slower,

but can reset the hands.

简单的说,一个生物体的生物钟和他所处的环境的关系类似于腕表和他的主人:主人不能让她的表走得更快或更慢,但是可以重新设置它的指针.

 However,

this relation is complicated in intertidal

dwellers such as commuter diatoms

by the fact that these organisms are

 (60)      exposed to the solar-day cycle as

well as to the tidal cycle, and some-

times display both solar-day and

tidal periods in a single behavior.

然而,这种关系对于位于高低潮线之间的居民则要复杂得多,例如这种藻,事实上这些生物体是同时暴露在太阳日的周期以及潮汐周期之中的,并且有时候在同一个行为中显示两种周期.

Commuter diatoms, for example,

 (65)      emerge only during those low tides

that occur during the day.(环境因素对其生物钟的影响)

例如,通勤者属藻只在白天的那些落潮的时候才会出现.

lex_xu

1.        GWD-1-Q35 to Q37

      In corporate purchasing,

       competitive scrutiny is typically

       limited to suppliers of items that are

      directly related to end products.

在企业采购中,竞争的详细审查经常仅局限于那些直接与最终产品相关的供应商们.

  (5)      With “indirect” purchases (such as

computers, advertising, and legal

services), which are not directly

related to production, corporations

often favor “supplier partnerships”

 (10)      (arrangements in which the

purchaser forgoes the right to

pursue alternative suppliers), which

can inappropriately shelter suppliers

from rigorous competitive scrutiny

 (15)      that might afford the purchaser

economic leverage.

对于那些例如电脑,广告以及合法服务的”间接”采购,公司通常喜欢”供应商合作”(采购者放弃二选一供应商原则的一种安排),这种安排会将那些供应商从本应该参加的能够提供求购者经济杠杆作用的严格的竞争详细审查中不适当的规避出去.

 There are two

independent variables—availability

of alternatives and ease of changing

suppliers—that companies should

 (20)      use to evaluate the feasibility of

       subjecting suppliers of indirect

       purchases to competitive scrutiny.

存在2种相互独立的变数-二选一方法的实用性和更换供应商的不费力-可以使得公司来评定是否需要间接采购的供应商参加竞争详细审查.

This can create four possible   

situations.(非直接采购以及四种情况)

这可以产生四种可能的情况.

 (25)            In Type 1 situations, there are

many alternatives and change is

relatively easy.  Open pursuit of

alternatives—by frequent com-

petitive bidding, if possible—will

(30)            likely yield the best results.

      第一种情况,存在很多的替代者并且改变会相对容易一些.对所有可替代者进行公开的采购,通过经常的竞争性的议价,可以产生最好的结果.

      In Type 2 situations, where there

are many alternatives but change

       is difficult—as for providers of

employee health-care benefits—it

 (35)
               is important to continuously test

the market and use the results to

secure concessions from existing

suppliers. 

第二种情况,存在较多的替代者但是变化相对较不易-例如提供给雇员的卫生保健利益-不间断的考察市场以及使用这些结果来使得现有的供应商可靠的让步.

Alternatives provide a

      credible
            threat to suppliers, even if

 (40)     the ability to switch is constrained.

替代者将给予现有供应商以可靠的威胁,即使转换的能力不是很舒服.

In Type 3 situations, there ate few

alternatives, but the ability to switch

without difficulty creates a threat that

companies can use to negotiate

 (45)      concessions from existing suppliers.

第三种情况,存在很少的替代者但是转换的能力没有困难,这将产生一种威胁使得公司可以利用它来与现有供应商进行谈判使之让步.

In Type 4 situations, where there

are few alternatives and change

is difficult, partnerships may be

unavoidable.(四种情形的分别讨论)

第四种情况,存在较少的替代者并且变化也较困难,合作将是不可避免的.

 

绝版牙牙

其实不用全部翻译，每种类型的翻译一两篇，看一下出题点和规律就ok。。

lex_xu

其实我也把这当成是一个考验自己是否能够有恒心的过程，希望可以靠积累创造出奇迹，不过，still thanks for your advice!!

lex_xu

4月30日

1.        GWD-2-Q5 to Q8

 This passage is based on an article written in 2000.

       The traditional model of employer-employee relations in the United States was a

“psychological contract” in which employees made long-term commitments to  

organizations in exchange for long-term job security, training and development, and

internal opportunities for promotion. 

在美国，雇主和雇员的关系是建立在一份心理上的合同之上的，雇员向公司做一份长期的承诺以交换可以得到长期的工作保障，培训以及内部提升的机会。

Beginning mainly with the recession in the early

1970’s, this paradigm began to unravel.  Organizations began using extensive
            downsizing
            and outsourcing to decrease the number of permanent employees in the workforce. 

在20世纪70年代初的工商业不景气时期，这种范例开始被拆开来看。公司开始通过大范围的裁员以及空降来减少劳动力中的那些元老雇员。

Among   employees this situation has resulted in a decided shift in desire: in stead of Entrepreneurship at the small business administration are now the fastest-growing majors in business schools. 

在雇员中，这种情形导致一种期望上的坚决的改变：代替以前希望在公司内得到出路的是现在希望在公司外可以的到出路。小型企业管理层中的企业家们现在是快速成长的商校精英们。

Several factors have generated movement from the old paradigm to the new one.  Organizations have had legitimate and pressing reasons to shift to a new paradigm of     employer-employee relations. Large numbers of permanent employees make it difficult  for organizations to respond quickly to downturns in demand by decreasing payroll costs.      

有几方面因素导致了这种变化。企业出于合法的以及压力的原因而做出了这种雇主和雇员之间关系的改变。大量的元老雇员是他们难以响应这低迷的时期并做出节约成本的改善。

The enormous rights in wrongful
            discharge
            suites has created incentives for organizations to use temporary, contract, and leased employees in order to distance themselves from      potential litigation problems.

在不正当的解雇随员的方面的巨大的权利已成为一种激励使公司去聘用临时工，合同工以及租赁工人来远离潜在的诉讼问题。

 Moreover, top management is under increased pressure from shareholders to generate higher and higher levels of return on investment in the      short run, resulting in declines in hiring, increases in layoffs, and shortage of funds for       employee development.                                                                         

此外，管理高层迫于来自股东方面的要求在短时间内带来更高水平的回报的不断增长的压力从而导致雇员的减少，失业率的增加，以及薪水资金的缺乏。

At the same time, a lack of forthrightness on the part of organizations has led to increased cynicism among employees about management’s motivation and competence.         Employees are now working 15 percent more hours per week than they were 20 years ago,    but organizations acknowledge this fact only by running stress-management workshops    to help employees to cope. 

同时，公司缺乏通路而导致雇员对管理层的动机和能力感到不屑一顾。现在雇员每周比起20年前要多工作15%的时间，但是公司对这方面的认知仅仅是给予公司雇员压力管理方面的培训以使其能股适应。

Sales people are being asked to increase sales at the same time       organizations have cut travel, phone, and advertising budgets.  Employees could probably     cope effectively with changes in the psychological contract if organizations were more forthright about how they were changing it.

销售人员在公司要求缩减旅行，电话以及广告费用预算的前提下被要求增加销售额。如果公司能够坦白的告知他们正如何改变这种合同，一些雇员们也许可以更加适应这种在心理合同上的改变。

But the euphemistic
            jargon used by executives      to justify the changes they were implementing frequently backfires; rather than      engendering
            sympathy for management’s position, it spark employees’ desire to be         free of the organization all together. 

但是管理层在评价他们正在实行的那些改变时所使用的委婉的行话却往往事与愿违；他们鼓舞了雇员们的希望可以摆脱企业而不是对管理者们予以同情。

In a recent study of employees’ attitudes about  management, 49 percent of the sample strongly agreed that “management will take advantage of you if given the chance.”      

在最近的一项雇员对管理层的态度的调研中显示，49%的样本支持如果能够给予机会的话管理将有利于我们。