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- 2010-7-27
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1. 温室效应
政府:要降低温室效应,然后说要在本地种植粮食吧,这样就可以减少运输粮食所燃烧的fuel所带来的二氧化碳之类的
农民:这个strategy是self-defeating的,因为在不合适的土壤上种植粮食所需要的fuel比在合适的土壤上种植再运过来所需要的fuel要多
问题:农民是指出了政府在论述ultimate goal时的哪个flaw ?
Gov- in order to reduce the emissions of GHG, let’s grow wheat, this way, we save fuel from transportation.
P - planting locally can save fuel usage; C- planting locally can reduce GHG
Peasants- the strategy is self-defeating; planting needs more fuel to grow than transportation does.
What flaw did the peasants point out?
Ans: focusing on only part of the picture, did not consider the drawback of the proposal 这种题好像对我很难,不知道怎么预判答案。 底层逻辑-还是说不能省钱
揽瓜阁答案-指出了政府提高的evidence 是false.
2. 鸟类的警报
科学家发现鸟在听到其他类的鸟警告predator时会向自己的种族警报,于是假定鸟会Decode. 但这个还是不确定,因为鸟可能看到其他鸟逃跑才获取信息的。于是实验:放一种鸟的警报录音,同时确定周围实际没有捕食者。结果是其他鸟发出警报。于是科学家认为鸟会DECODE。问评价
Scientist found that birds will alarm their own family when they hear birds of other species send alarms. They thus hypothesized that birds can decode alarms. Birds won’t know that it is an alarm unless they see birds run. Experiment – recording of alarm and making sure there are no predators around, they found birds send alarm. – Conclusion: bird can decode.
Evaluate:
思路-除了decode 之外,有没有其他原因让鸟发出警告? 没有就是说明结论对的。方向是排除它因。 可能有哪些原因呢?想不出来啊!!!!
Is there sound of birding running away? If so, it is because they can sense birds’ flying way?
揽瓜阁答案: 要知道是不是decode 就需要排除它因,它因比如听到声音就会发出警报。答案选择了是否鸟听到不熟悉的叫声就会恐慌,所以警报。
3. 铺路的材料
两种铺路的材料,一种深色(意会成沥青吧大家),一种浅色(混凝土,concrete),受热了都会deteriotate。天热的时候沥青热得快,混凝土比较慢,所以沥青的路老是需要修。Bxxx Cxxx这地方的政府老修老修那个沥青路,修得受不了了。出于省钱(省maintainance cost)的目的,决定下次沥青路再需要整体repave的时候,就全部repave成混凝土的。And fortuneately,repave成混凝土跟repave成沥青的cost差不多。问需要evaluate一些什么。
Both asphalt and concrete deteriorate when it is hot. But asphalt heats up faster than concrete does.
In order to save maintenance cost, gov decided to repave asphalt road with concrete. Costs for asphalt is the same as that for concrete.
Evaluate:
Is there any problem to put one on top of each other? Will they glue together easily? If so, need to get rid of asphalt, adding to the cost.
Concrete has disadvantage – won’t last as long, thus need more frequent repavements?
揽瓜阁答案:
总费用=repave 的费用+维修费用=repave 的费用+单词维修费用x 维修次数
一定要抓住重点,目的就是为了省钱,所以要考虑有哪些地方会花钱,(省时间的也是一样,就考虑所有可能花的时间,看看总时间能不能省)。 红色的线就已经说明了混泥土比沥青便宜,因为它是为了省钱才换的。 那下面就是看维修次数了。
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