[揽瓜阁精读] 汇总贴（192天）

MaxTS

192:

P1：orchid pollen化石是first evidence that delicate flowers exisited 恐龙时期
P2：ancient pollen 意味着 orchid比想象的更老，up to 80m yo 而不是26m yo
P3：Orchids largest & most diverse plant on earth ，BUT，没有化石记载
P4：因为 bloom不经常，在热带地区，湿度和温度不利于化石形成
P5：But R和同事幸运的找到了orchid pollen的sample，在insect琥珀里找到的
P6：琥珀被first discovered in D in 2000,
P7：in 2005，被送到了哈佛比较zoology博物馆
P8：这个bee dates to 15-20m yo
P9：研究人员分析pollen's DNA，估算age of orchid
P10：他们把date推到了80m 年前，the age of 最近的orchid
P11：would have lived in twilight of dinosaurs. in late C period.
P12：恐龙灭绝 - thought 65m年前，再次之后花开始全球传播
P13: Orchid family 植物里最大的，至少25000种
P14: R 说，the find not only解决age of orchid争议..but also 提供first evidence。第一个化石- 在pollinator和plant together

MaxTS

16。


P1:
人-大脑容量-since史前降低很多  
科学家观点：缩小反映了人体型的缩小。
大动物需要更大的大脑来控制肌肉

P2：
However，测量显示：大脑容量缩小的速度比身体快很多
基因检测显示：同时，基因变异影响大脑发展，影响人类认知。
考古专家观点：比起狩猎社会，在农业社会里，幸存更少认知需要。
But，大脑缩小发生在各种社会里。

P3：
更好的解释：人类祖先无意识缩小自己。
小攻击性的个体引起少争端。这些特性引起基因改变，自然选择。

MaxTS

9.


P1：
传统观点：国内竞争是浪费的，阻止了规模经济。
反驳：大部分national champions不具竞争力，尽管政府高额补贴和保护。

P2：
观点：static efficiency 比 dynamic improvement不重要。
国内竞争：给创新和提高制造了压力。降成本、提质量、创新品
But，和外国竞争，更趋于分析和遥远，国内竞争对手不仅仅是经济和商业竞争，变得更私人化。
国内竞争，包括了积极的争斗，not only for 市场份额,,but also for..人
国内竞争的成功证明了advancement是可能的，吸引新的竞争对手。
把国外公司的成功归因于不平等优势，国内公司的竞争成功则无借口。

王于王田王

看一下！               

hyjsamantha

In their study of whether offering a quarantee of service quality wl, encourace customers to visit a particular restaurant, Tucci and talaga havefound that the effect of such guarantees is mixed. For higher-priced restaurants, there is some evidence that offering a guarantee increases theikelihood of customer selection, probably reflecting the greater financial commitment invoived in choosin an expensive restaurant, For owerpriced restaurants, where one expects less assiduous service, Tucci and Talaga found that a guarantee could actually have a negative effect: apotential customer might think that a restaurant ofering a guarantee is worried about its service. Moreover, since customers understand arestaurant's product and know what to anticipate in terms of service, they are empowered to question its quality, This is not generaly true inhe case of skilled activities such as electrica work, where, consequently, a guarantee might have greater customer appeal.

For restaurants generaly, the main benefit of a service guarantee probably lies not so much in customer appeal as in managing and motivatinostaff. Staff members would know what service standards are expected of them and also know that the success of the business relies on theiradherina to those crandards dditonaly ouarantees nravine some hasi for dpfnina tha ckils nepred far sucrecchi servire in arpactraditionally regarded as unskilled, such as waiting tables.

第一段：TT有关餐厅提供质量保证的观点，即对高档餐厅有好处，对低档餐厅有坏处
第二段：作者关于餐厅提供保证的观点（2个优点）

AliceY123

文章结构

hyjsamantha

One proposal for preserving rain forests is to promote the adoption of new aqricultural technologies, such as improved plant varieties and useof chemical herbicides, which would increase productivity and slow deforestation by reducing demand for new cropland Studies have shownthat farmers in developing countries who have achieved certain levels of education, wealth, and securty of land tenure are more likely to adoptsuch tecnoodies.But these studes mave focused on vianes wit imited and that are tied to a market eronomy rather than on the relativevisolated, self-suficient communities with ample land characteristic of rain-forest regions. A recent study of the Tawahka people of the Honduranrain forest found that farmers with some formal education were more likelv to adoot improved plant varieties but ess ikely to use chemicaherbicides and that those who poke Spanish (the language of the market economy) were more likely to adopt both technologies. Nonlandwealth was also associated with more adoption of both technologies, but availability of uncultivated land reduced the incentive to employ theproductivity-enhancing technologies.Researchers also measured land-tenure security: in Tawahka society, kinship ties are a more importantindicator of this than are enal oronerty riohts, so researrhers measured it hy a household duation of residenre in its vllane They found thaoncer resicence corre ated with more adoption of improved plant varieties but ess adoption of chemical herbicides.

第一段：提出保护雨林的方法，即使用新技术，并说明了该方法研究的局限性
第二段：近期针对T地区的人进行了研究，完善了之前研究

hyjsamantha

Much research has been devoted to investigating what motivates consumers to try new products. Previous consumer research suggests thatboth the orice of a new product and the way it is advertised afect consumers' perentions of the product's nerformance risk (the possibility thatthe product wil not function as consumers expect and/or wil not provide the desired benefits). Some of this research has concluded that aelatively high price wil reduce a consumer's perception of the performance risk associated with purchasing a particular product, while otherstudies have reported that price has little or no efect on perceived performance risk, These conficting findinas may simply be due to theature ot product advertisements: a recent study indicates that the presentation of an advertised messace has a marked eftect on the relationship between price and perceived performance risk.

Researchers have identified consumers'perception of the credibility of the source of an advertised mesage- i.e, the manufacturer一 asanother factor affecting perceived performance risk: one study found that the greater the source credibility, the lower the consumer'sperception of the risk of purchasing an advertised new product. However.past research suggests that the relationship between sourcecredibility and perceived performance risk may be more complex: source credibility may interact with price in a subtle way to afect consumers'judgments of the performance risk associated with an advertised product.

第一段：一些研究发现影响消费者购买新产品原因是价格和广告，但这些研究存在一些冲突
第二段：另一些研究发现广告的可信度同样影响消费者购买新产品，但以前的研究表明这个影响因素的传导有点复杂

zeroad

318 La leche league
第一段：关于"母性主义"的定义/猜想，是多元的、有分歧的/又矛盾的。让学者思考"maternalism"会如何在他们的研究领域成为一种策略和论文以及提出一些限制和可能
第二段：指出讨论非常复杂，大家对maternalism的看法各有不同
第三段：权威倾向于关注maternalism和国家建造的关系或者和女性主义的关系
列观点：
俄国的case和美国欧洲不同，因为maternalist ideology在政治建设过程中是缺失的
德国的例子把maternalism的想法和女性主义意识形态和行动联系了起来，而且有进化的传统女性主义支持国家激进主义
日本的例子，（低估母亲角色的社会影响）的传统被西方母系的想法所取代了
第四段：列出三个人的观点，ML认为区分maternalist和其他的女性主义是很重要的，
EB认为对maternalism要有灵活的定义，指出混淆女人和母亲会有危险
作者认为有一些紧张态势存在于被授权的母系社会想法中
第五段：具体展开讲League's的观点和作者的解释，显示对于maternalism的运用有一些矛盾
第六段：具体展开讲League's的观点和：League创立的目的，召唤回来母亲身份的实践和权威，女性可以自己决定关于母亲的活动
但是通过breastfeeding母乳喂养这种获得权力的母系意识形态不是真正的女性主义
League理论的优点和缺陷：
优点：使女性拥有权力，通过重建自尊和自主权
缺陷：挑战了母系雇佣和其他非家庭的公共行为，限制了公共角色
第七段：
同向，更多的复杂性包含在maternalism进化的定义中的，因此maternalism有一个动态的意思。
继续说20世纪中叶的maternalism和接下来的版本不同，尤其是因为关注在私人家庭领域代替更多的普遍讨论的公共领域
第八段：
而且关于母性主义的探讨也延伸到了父权主义。

317 multinational company

第一段：公司试了各种方法来获得竞争优势，下一步瞄准了全球化
第二段：讲现在的全球化公司更加明显，讲两个原因，一是全球化公司数量增加，二是在全球整合资源对抗竞争者，对外移动生产设备，从最快的大脑和最便宜的人力中获取好处，对内打破内部障碍，让人和idea可以流动起来
第三部分：多文化跨国公司是基于现代商业的两个部分才能实现，一是创新，而是科技
第四部分：全球化对公司管理的影响，举了3个公司的例子
影响包括：咨询的花费庞大，公司高层的多元化，应聘当地国家的领导者
第五部分：
转折：欧洲的公司更为现实+观点：认为真正的全球化多文化公司至今还是不存在的
表现：几乎没有公司在自己的国家之外生产超过20%的产品和服务，大部分边界还是来自于一种文化，几乎没有跨国公司允许他们的股东变得全球化
第六部分：
同向，又举了一个公司的例子，虽然高层来自多个国家，但是英语是公司语言，财务报告用美元（还是说明全球化公司不存在）。还有美国和日本的公司都只是认为全球化只是在其他国家偶尔开会。

zhengxy526

Mark一下！