[揽瓜阁精读] 汇总贴（192天）

苏二在努力

小白斩鸡 发表于 2022-6-11 13:09
1.Hispanic Law Water Right
https://forum.chasedream.com/thread-1388665-1-1.html
2.流派诗人

Mark一下！               

sudn

121. 佛经
主旨：古印度的佛经和其它四个地区的佛经之间的关系，考证这个古印度的佛经是Sanskarit 还是Gandhari.
第一段： 华盛顿和英国的专家假设Gandhari的佛经语言来自Sanskarit， 西藏 中国 pali 等四个地区的佛经都译自Gandhari
第二段： salomon 主要凭借一些陶器刻字，硬币，碎片， brough 编的书 啥的研究这个，研究出来后面啥aramic字母。。
第三段：1994 年他看到了29个又这个古文字的碎片
第四段： Ganhara 300BC-400AD 是个文化交汇的朝代
第五段：salmon说在哪个时期，新刻的文字的陶器替代老的，说明哪个时期佛经管理的很有序
第六段： 这个很重要 因为她印证了Brough的假设：其它四个地区的佛经译自Gandhara 而不是sanskrit。

Rhythmicic

揽瓜阁阅读2022

木须词

119.苏联生物学家的进化论观点
文章主旨：IS理论的形成背景
第一段：IS首先采纳的是达尔文的进化论——organism withe genetic traits that confer advantages in the environment achieve the greatest reproductive success. 但这与TDL的理论相悖——environment could directly alter the heritable qualities of an organism.
第二段：IS在苏联的职业生涯因为他和TDL观念相左被毁。但因为苏联的特殊环境，在被迫纳入TDL的观点后，IS developed a theory of the interpenetration of heredity and environment.

木须词

27.妇女财产权
第一段：civil law systems(Spanish) were far more protective of women’s property than the common law system(England) was. ——且这是与传统认知相悖的——本段最后一句再次总结
第二段：example: New Mexico—Spanish law；New York—a civil law system(Dutch) giving way to a common law(English) system.
第三段：女性对其财产的处置权（during her marriage, at husband death

木须词

139.玛雅和水
Anomalous 反常的，异常的，不规则的  deviate from 脱离，偏离 artificial reservoir 人工水库
第一段：学者观点——Maya civilization seemed to deviate from the many examples documenting a close relationship between the control of water and political power
一些其他古代文明起源的例子，水源控制与政治权力有关——elite control of water for agricultural production allowed leaders to exact tribute from the local population.
第二段：作者认为——scholars have overlooked the importance of the control of artificial reservoirs by Maya rulers 并以此对比了big/small settlements的不同情况
第三段：The power of Maya rulers derive from a complex relationship among a number of factors
第四段：The model I present provide a general framework to evaluate how water control & political power figured in the rise and fall of Maya.
第五段： Genrally, the control of the subsistence technology facilitate the rise of political power.
   Majority of farmers live dispersed, used a combination of techniques. Few/ none of the techniques aree under elite control.
   The rulling elite needed to integrate not only dispersed populace but also one that have been mobile.
第六段：Seasonal rainfall and water availability in the area. => rather than concentrate people, concenterate drinking water.
      

lxw111

192. orchid
文章主旨： 基于在蜜蜂琥珀化石中兰花花粉的重要发现，解决了兰花age的问题（是80m年前不是26m年前）同时是第一次发现ancient pollination（第一块包含了plant和pollinator的化石）
第一段，基于化石，第一次证明兰花与恐龙是同时期的；
第二段，research后发现 兰花家族已有80m年了，而不是26m;
第三、四、五段，关于兰花化石不易形成的情况说明。虽然是最大最多样的家族，但由于开花不规律生活在热带所以很难形成化石。这次是很有幸一起同pollinator获得了兰花花粉化石。
第六、七、八段，化石的基本信息，化石发现的时间及蜜蜂的年龄推断。
第九、十、十一、十二、十三段，通过dna技术推断出兰花家族已有80m年了，late白垩纪；同时在65m年恐龙灭绝后dramatically 全球扩撒生长。目前有25000，植物里种类最多的家族。
第十四段，这次发现的意义，解决了兰花age的问题（是80m年前不是26m年前）同时是第一次发现ancient pollination同时包含了plant和pollinator。

lxw111

191. guardianship over women

第一段，讨论聚焦在妇女社会和法律地位。Greatest contention: particular system that Women’s social status and the scope of their activity.
JB: patriarchy 决定了这个system
BH: economic factors 决定了这个system

然后，以上两个观点都没有 question 妇女地位次于男性地位这个假设。
对于这个判断 最能清晰说明的就是 guardianship；patriarchy与guardianship也是具有一定的正相关性的。但最后一句提了“避免”提醒。

第二段：妇女地位次于男性的假设可以很好地由 中世纪的Flanders 的 两个研究解释，它们都是以 guardianship 的存在为依据的。
The domestic life of  medieval city--- in 14th century—Nicholas: guardianship 严重存在，单身和已婚女性 都存在这个情况。

第三段：然而 Nicholas 的著作是 是有严重flaw的。首先缺少必要的引用；仅看到 city archives inG.  最明显的是缺少了 Flemish scholars 在这个主题的研究。同时 忽略了Godding  即特别 JG(法律历史学家) 是很难理解的。

第四段： Nicholas 第二点flaw，Iterson 与他的论断不一致。包括研究对象所在地方，时间段、且仅为未婚女性。最终结论是对于未婚女性没有guardianship的情况。

第五段：说明 Nicholas的难处。主要对应罗马法，但罗马法对15世纪前的flemish
是忽视的，以及provision相关的缺失，这些难点也与Godding所表明的是一致的。同时 Godding 同Nicholas 断定guardianship的存在，同时他也注意到和实际现实会有差距。

第六段：阐明Nicholas和Godding 都不是关注guardianship是否却是存在。只是在这个存在假设上达到其他相关研究的自洽。但基于Godding的一个chapter 逻辑说明，也再次阐明了 guardianship存在的情况是很难立得住的。

第七段：我们主旨，对比以上情况是相对直接的。从各个方面论断得出，男性不仅在经济方面以及guardianship上都不存在凌驾于女性之上。以及对例外情况 包括document和 feudal tenure 的说明。

第八段：研究对象说明：城镇女性纪录占比多，同时religious 女性除外，会另外起研究分析。

吉茄杀杀杀

The Parthenon Frieze: Idiosyncratic Stonework
The Parthenon has long been regarded as one of the great architectural and artistic
products of the High Classical Period. Yet, scholars have struggled to reach a
consensus interpretation for the meaning of the Parthenon frieze. The study of this
particular sculptural element of the Parthenon, a continuous band of sculpture that ran
round the top of the building’s temple-chamber, has proven quite difficult.
Today only 423 feet of the original 524 survive, PF神庙中的原来的524仅仅有423保存and of those, 247 feet are housed in the British Museum in London. Another large section is now in the Acropolis Museum in Athens, and still other pieces reside in exhibits throughout Europe, making it a difficult task to discuss, let alone experience the unified whole 统一整体（O）the designers wished the audience to witness （定语从句，省略了that 修饰the unified whole）—a key element in deciphering any work of art.（见同一整体这件事）是解读任何艺术作品的关键因素
Denied the opportunity to study the frieze as it existed in antiquity古代, scholars are faced
with the burden of reconstructing the visual experience of the monument before they
can even begin interpreting it. →
过去分词放句首，）逗号结构，作状语，补足整个句子的。与主句主语是被动的关系
To do so, an inventory is taken of characters and figure-types represented on the frieze and their arrangement. Then this inventory is compared to historical precedents历史上的先例 and placed in its contemporary context in the hopes of using prior examples to decipher its meaning. Considering the various fragments of the Parthenon frieze as a whole and comparing it to other Greek artworks, two aspects of the arrangement immediately strike the informed viewer.
First, the frieze is meant to be显然 thought of as a continuous whole. This is
particularly interesting because it is completely unprecedented in Greek无转折词，下面承接上文 可以略读
art.Continuous friezes on 20 the faces of Greek temples generally depicted single
subjects, but if continued over all four sides of a building, the four stretches of the
frieze would generally be thematically separate.
The second unique aspect of the Parthenon frieze has to do with the fundamental
nature of Greek art: namely that all works of art prior to the Parthenon frieze depicted
only scenes from myth and legend. Yet, in this relief, for the first time in the history
of Greek art, we find mortals凡人, leading some scholars to the conclusion that what is
depicted is a specific event that actually took place at a particular time and place

吉茄杀杀杀

Day32：爵士乐起源
先读句子主干The immigration of Europeans and the importation of West African slaves to America
resulted in a convergence of cultures, traditions, and art forms, including music.
第一句话中心背景：西非，欧洲带来文化交融。
Jazz, first played in New Orleans in the early 1900s, borrowed heavily from the European
musical scale and harmonic system. Jazz ensembles were built predominantly 占主导地位地on European instruments, such as the trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and piano. The
West African influence on jazz was manifested primarily in its performance.无转折，顺承，说明这是对表演地进一步说明。细节题 Scatting,
a technique used by jazz vocalists to mimic the sounds of instruments, had its origin
in West African vocal traditions. The emphasis on improvisation即兴创作 in jazz music, in
addition to group participation, also came from West African music.
欧洲：1musical scale2 harmonic system3Jazz ensembles were built predominantly on
European instruments
西非：its performance 2 即兴 3 group participation
Some musicologists argue that jazz is a purely American form of music. Others,
however, contend that jazz is rooted in a history similar to that of America itself, a
history of confluence. Proponents of the argument that jazz is purely American often
point to its genesis in New Orleans as evidence for this perspective. The irony,
however, is that the essence of America lies in the plurality复数，多数性 of its roots. To deny the
rich and complex history of jazz, and the true origins of the art form, is to deny the
very aspects of the art form that make it undeniably American
两种观点，作者反对单一美国
cultural genesis 文化起源and a relevant paradox相关的悖论（paradox矛盾，一个事情有两个对立的结论）