龙驾马的托福备考日记 Long Gamma

龙驾马

Day 17

1月22日

TPO 20听力
校园对话


图书馆还书 2错3对
研究项目的经费 1错4对

学术讲座


语言学 错3对3
兔子过冬 错2对4
民间传说 错2对4
温室效应 错3对3



图书馆这篇的主旨题居然错了，一方面是对听力材料的理解还有些模糊，另一方面更是对选项没有仔细分析。这次错的还是两个细节题，但错的原因和主旨题有些像，都是对一些细节的理解不准确，包括原文和选项两个方面。其实词汇方面没有什么问题，基本上都能听懂，或许应该把核心内容仔细翻译一下。

这次听力的学术讲座成绩不理想。感觉长句子是一个困扰，另外对于话题也不熟悉，尤其是一些具体讨论的问题，都没太听明白。比如语言学那篇，有几个长句没及时理解，还是抽象话题听起来又费劲，结果一边猜前面的内容，一边漏了当前的内容，最好听懂的大约只有5-6成。

需要复习的长难句：

But according to the maxim, my response should be relevant to your statement, meaning, we should assume some connection between the statement and the response.

So next time you see an advertisement saying some product could be up to 20% more effective, think of these maxims of quantity and relevance, and ask yourself what inferences you are being led to draw.

Anyone who may see an advantage in implying certain things that are untrue without explicitly saying something untrue.

As the days get shorter, that is, as the Sun is up for a shorter and shorter time each day, the snowshoe hare starts growing white fur and shedding its brown fur.

And this is a huge advantage for the snowshoe hare since by contrast, the feet of its predators usually sink right down into the snow.

The primary difference is that a rabbit's young are born blind and without fur, while a hare's babies are born with a full coat and able to see.

We'll say more later about these, but for now, just be aware of the category and that they can contain supernatural aspects, but they are usually more playful and amusing overall than supernatural stories.

Methane forms in large concentration above wetlands, and as it turns out, the cultivation of certain grains creates vast areas of artificial wetlands, and probably drastically increases the amount of methane getting into the atmosphere, over and above what would be there.

But then industrialization, of course, has drastically increased the amount of carbon dioxide that humans are putting into the atmosphere, the burning of fossil fuels tends to put a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere.

Um, so we are entering into uncharted territory now, in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide, the concentrations of carbon dioxide that are now being put into the atmosphere as a result of industrialization and the use of fossil fuels.

If you cut down the forests when you burn the trees for fuel and don't replace them with other trees, or when you just leave them to rot and don't allow other trees to grow, you end up with a lot more carbon in the forms of carbon dioxide getting into atmosphere

单词或词组：


linguistics
violate   
relevant
philosopher
satisfactory
distinctly
academic attention
heroine
methane
carbon dioxide
wetlands
fortuitous
beneficiary
interglacial
periodic

总结：
1 简单的内容，自己如果不集中注意力去看题，也容易做错
2 听力材料是不可回听的，必须要尽早处理（听懂）前面的信息，词汇是基础，陌生题材和抽象事物是难点
3 听力长句也是难点，甚至比阅读更麻烦。需要反复多听。

龙驾马

1月23日
TPO19 阅读

罗马军团征英 错2对8
生态系统演化 错3对7
冰河时代 错3对7

这三篇做的还行。长句比较多，但没有太怪异的长句，或者说难句其实不多。稳扎稳打还是可以做完的。错题还是集中在一些文章细节，以及主旨题，还是不够细致。


需要复习的长难句：
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.

By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.

Even some authors who accepted the climax concept rejected Clements' characterization of it as a superorganism, and it is indeed a misleading metaphor.

An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism because its communication system is so highly organized that the colony always works as a whole and appropriately according to the circumstances.

Though it is true that many animals are strictly associated with certain plants, it is misleading to speak of a "spruce-moose biome," for example, because there is no internal cohesion to their association as in an organism.

Their major point was that the distribution of a given species was controlled by the habitat requirements of that species and that therefore the vegetation types were a simple consequence of the ecologies of individual plant species.

With "climax," "biome," "superorganism," and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.

Finally, younger ecologists have found ecological problems involving behavior and life-history adaptations more attractive than measuring physical constants.

Nevertheless, one still speaks of the ecosystem when referring to a local association of animals and plants, usually without paying much attention to the energy aspects.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Louis Agassiz, one of the first scientists to study glaciers, immigrated to the United States from Switzerland and became a professor at Harvard University, where he continued his studies in geology and other sciences.

For his research, Agassiz visited many places in the northern parts of Europe and North America, from the mountains of Scandinavia and New England to the rolling hills of the American Midwest.

Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates.

It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment.

Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice.

From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.


需要复习的单词：
requisition
regiment
reverse
hereditary
station（v.）
frontier
circulation
accumulation
climax
biome
legitimately
radiometric
glaciation
interval
interglacial
correspond
oceanographer
evaporation
marine

总结：

1 很多词汇看似认识，但稍不留神就会出现其他的意思或者词性，不能马虎。遇到了也要记录下来
2 阅读速度和质量是两个有冲突的方向，要又快又好不容易。
3 选项！选项！选项！文章即使能读懂，选项也不能放松。

龙驾马

Day 19

1月24日
TPO19 听力

校园对话
食堂健康食品 错1对5
课题讨论 错0对6

学术讲座
天文观测 错2对4
艺术史错3对3
语言学 错1对5
盐水植物 错2对4

两篇对话还是挺有意思的 尤其是讨论学校餐厅健康食物的那篇。但还是败在了长句上，对老师说的那个长句里的信息没有能及时听懂，考题还是错了。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

总结：
1. 和阅读类似 在有了一定的词汇基础以后 长句就是难点重点
2.考点似乎有规律 比如师生讨论的重点 比如老师说的一些提示词
3.跟读也许是好办法 但基础太差 只能放慢速度读

龙驾马

Day 20

1月25日

TPO18 阅读
北欧工业化 错2对8
打哈欠 错4对6
雷电 错2对8

其实觉得比较难的是北欧工业化这篇长句多，内容复杂，但可能是第一的缘故，加上最近长难句有一定的训练，其实结果还好。反倒是打哈欠那篇，自以为看懂，其实里面的一些主要概念有误解，没能仔细去看而是自以为是地脑补，错比较多。

要复习的长难句：

According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten.

When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity.

But, while accepting that not everything in life can be explained by Darwinian evolution, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of theories like this one, which avoid the issue of what yawning does for adults.

Such yawning is often referred to as "incongruous" because it seems out of place, at least on the tiredness view: soldiers yawning before combat, musicians yawning before performing, and athletes yawning before competing.

Considering human capital as a characteristic of the population, however, all four countries were advantaged by the large percentages of their populations who could read and write.

The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil).

The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.

要复习的单词：

athletes
anecdotal
congenital
conductance
industrialize
incongruous
skeptical
congenital
kindergarten
tiredness
empirical
prosperity
grandiose
mercantile
总结：
1. 不要自己脑补各种概念 要以文章为准
2.选项一定要看完整 也是千万不能脑补或替换选项里的关键细节
3.结构完整的长句其实不难，关键是要适应英文的语序

龙驾马

Day 21

1月26日

TPO 18 听力

校园对话

找工作 错0对6
报名项目 错2对3

学术讲座

太阳黑子 错2对4
语言发展 错1对5
雕像复制 错4对2
美洲树蛙 错1对5

两个对话都不难，但还是自己在做题的时候想的太复杂。其实只要按照题目老老实实选答案就行，自己给选项加戏太多。
三篇学术文章基本听懂，但做的一般。而雕像那篇就没怎么听懂，考猜的结果就不理想。长句的后半句经常听不下去，严重阻碍对关键信息的理解（尤其是考点信息似乎就喜欢放在长句里）。需要对长句多多练习。

需要复习的长句：

She needs people to watch various new TV programs that haven't been broadcast yet, then indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if they'd watch another episode.

Over the next couple hundreds years, a lot of hypotheses were tossed around, the spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which the dark surface of the Sun could be seen.

Anyway, Wolf went through all records from various observatories in Europe, and put together a history of sunspot observations going back about 100 years.

That's because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface.

That first of all starts drawing water away from the center of its body, so the middle part of the frog, its internal organs, its heart, lungs, livers, these start getting drier and drier while the water that's being pulled away is forming a puddle around the organs just underneath the skin.

But wherever they live, once the weather starts to turn cold and the temperature starts to drop below freezing, as soon as the frog even touches an ice crystal or a bit of frozen ground, well, it begins to freeze.

After months without heartbeat, spring time comes around again, the earth starts to warm up, and suddenly one day, ping, a pulse, followed by another one, then another until maybe ten, twelve hours later, the animal is fully recovered.

We've already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and we've looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls.

Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort.

Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them.

The mother language, is the line on the top of this diagram, over time, it branches off into new daughter languages, which branch into daughter languages of their own, and languages that have the same source, the same mother, are called sisters.

需要复习的单词（词组）：

redid
taken aback
magnetic
lopsided
pulse
bust
contemporary
idealization
imperial
inhabitants
syntax
semantics
correspond

总结：
1 长句的何时结束是一个难点。
2 一词可能多义，背单词只是基础，还要把单词记在句子里，场景里。
3 校园对话和讲座的考点提示词是两个不同的体系，讲座里可能只是一两个不起眼的词汇（well，now），但考点可能就在里面。

龙驾马

Day 22

1月27日
TPO17 阅读

古代海洋贸易 错2对8
雨林生态 错1对9
生物共生 错4对6

这三篇难度居中，能按时做完。但自己做题时节奏出现一些问题，前两篇用时较多，其实是出现过几次重读原文。最后第三篇时间不够了。

要复习的长难句：

Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible.

But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China.

In the largest caravels, two main masts held large square sails that provided the bulk of the thrust driving the ship forward, while a smaller forward mast held a triangular-shaped sail, called a lateen sail, which could be moved into a variety of positions to maneuver the ship.

A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea, which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct.

In the varied and constantly changing light environment of the forest, an animal must be able to send visual signals to members of its own species and at the same time avoid being detected by predators.

Certain butterflies move into spots of sunlight that have penetrated to the forest floor and display by opening and closing their beautifully patterned wings in the bright spotlights.

In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

During courtship and aggressive displays, the turkey enlarges its colored neck collar by inflating sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendulous part of the colored signaling apparatus as it utters calls designed to attract or repel.

In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it.


When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.
要复习的单词：

parasite
derive
intestine
fungal
commensalism
mutualism

龙驾马

Day 22

1月28日
TPO17 听力

食堂找工作 错0对6
改歌剧论文 错1对4

埃及历法 错2对4
气候变化 错1对5
章鱼变色 错1对5
古代岩画 错3对3

校园对话这次还行，四篇学术讲座做的一般般。其实古代历法和气候生态两篇还行，章鱼那篇有些靠猜，但还能猜对。古代岩画那篇是自己轻视了，以为简单讲讲考古，结果讲了很多地质学的东西，内容一下子跳出了自己的预设，做得有些慌，结果不理想。

要复习的长句
It makes winters cooler and summers warmer, or, what some might say is doing now, it makes summers less hot, and more importantly, the winters less cold, which just like what I mentioned before, can also stop, prevent glaciers from forming, or cause them to melt.

From what I read, that production like, it influenced every other production of the play that came after it, so I just assumed it'd been filmed or videotaped.

What's important for you to understand is that these three movements, well they are cyclical and they work together to form, to produce complex but regular variations in Earth's climate and lead to the growth or decline the glaciers.

In fact, they ended up using two different calendars, one to keep track of the natural world, or their agriculture concerns, and another one, that was used to keep track of the business functions of the Kingdom.

But we need to be careful with the idea that artistic development occurs in a staight line, from simple to complex representations.

And afterwards during the season of subsidence, the water would subside, or recede, revealing a new layer of fertile black silt and allowing for the planting of various crops.

You know, one of the challenges for people who study theater is to find ways of talking about something that's really so transient, about something that, in a sense, doesn't exist.


要复习的单词：
transient
demonstrate
sculpture
charcoal
religious
heliacal
stratification
audition (v.)
obligation
bureaucratic

总结：1 老老实实听，不要自己做过多的预判，尤其是场景和主要讨论内容
2 多义词！多义词！耐心积累吧
3 听写的话好花时间啊，但也真能发现自己很多漏洞

龙驾马

Day 24

1月29日
TPO16 阅读

古代中东贸易 错0对10
元素周期表 错3对7
太阳系行星 错2对8

这三篇难度不是很高，终于有一篇全对了。但还是有一些不足的地方，尤其是一些细节的理解会不到位，做题时选项看得不够仔细，被迷惑项干扰。

要复习的长难句：
Records show merchant caravans and trading posts set up by the Sumerians in the surrounding mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and gems.

In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships.

The central state, though often very rich and very populous, was intrinsically fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth century opened up a southern route.


Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

Thus when the series of elements was written so as to begin a new horizontal row with each alkali metal, elements of the same groups were automatically assembled in vertical columns in a periodic table of the elements.

When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated itself at regular intervals.

The largest terrestrial planet, Earth has a diameter only one quarter as great as the diameter of the smallest Jovian planet, Neptune, and its mass is only one seventeenth as great.

Also, because of their relative locations, the four Jovian planets are known as the outer planets, while the terrestrial planets are known as the inner planets.

Also, because the molecular motion of a gas depends on temperature, at the low temperatures of the Jovian planets even the lightest gases are unlikely to acquire the speed needed to escape.

The explanation may be that the terrestrial planets were once much larger and richer in these materials but eventually lost them because of these bodies' relative closeness to the Sun, which meant that their temperatures were relatively high.

需要复习的单词：

gravitational
comparatively
infinitesimally
condensed
terrestrial
monumental
illustrate
correspondence
classification
postulate
spectrum
monetary
cement
circumvent
barren (n.)
confederacy
individualistic

龙驾马

Day 25

1月30日

TPO16 听力
校园对话

申请更改考试 错2对3
协商排练场地 错1对5

钢琴历史 错3对2
动物决策 错2对3
岩洞物质 错3对2
中世纪玻璃 错2对3

这次的听力做的不好。校园对话方面，其实不算难，但申请考试改期那个对话，开头的场景是老师给学生颁奖，然后聊着聊着就马上切换到了学生难以按原计划参加考试，协商更改。做这篇的时候，一时没反应过来主题不是颁奖而是对如何考试来进行讨论，结果听的并不理想，错两题还算运气好的。

学术讲座方面，遇到两篇比较难的话题。一篇是钢琴诞生，其实它的背景知识自己并不陌生，但老师讲了很多机械运作原理，而且还打比方，最要命的是，这些内容都是长句子。岩洞那篇也做的很差，一旦遇到关于各种物质生成过程的长难句，就歇菜了。玻璃和生物两篇难度相对低些，但也在长句子和抽象原理上听得很吃力。

需复习的长句

Should they go out during the daytime, when it’s hotter outside and they have to expend more energy, or at night, when the weather’s cooler but predators are more active?

They’re willing to make more trips to haul back less wood, which carries a greater risk of being exposed to predators.

So it looks as though beavers are less interested in minimizing their exposure to predators and more interested in saving energy when foraging for wood.

The answer that some give is that their behavior has evolved over time: it’s been shaped by constraints over vast stretches of time, all of which comes down to the fact that the best foraging strategy for beavers isn’t the one that yields the most food or wood: it’s the one that results in the most descendants, the most offspring.

In the  early 1100s, a church-building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls, so more space could be used for window openings--allowing for large and, and quite elaborate window designs.

And, and it's different because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the magic effect wasn't the focus anymore... the paint work was.

Now, uh, in the window itself, the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead, so in the drawing, the uh artist would also indicate the location of the lead strips.

Well, lead is strong and, and flexible so it is ideal for joining pieces of glass cut in different shapes and sizes.

Uh but luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-1800s, and, and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.

These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting e-electric lightbulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass, but it's close.

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early Classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genre within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.

Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano—the organ, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, which is still popular today with some musicians.

Previously, it was uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but maybe a harp, or, or maybe she sang, but suddenly, in the nineteenth century, it became quite acceptable—even, to some extent, almost expected—for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano… partly because, among upper-middle-class women, it was a sign of refinement, but it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money—by giving piano lessons.

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound—how softly or loudly each note is struck—hence the name pianoforte—“soft and loud.”

But, pressing the keys of a piano causes tiny felt-covered hammers to strike the strings inside the instrument, like drumsticks striking the head of a drum.

You see, the harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument, since pressing a key of a harpsichord causes a tiny quill that’s connected to the key to pluck the strings that are inside the instrument, much the same as a guitar pick plucks the strings of a guitar.

This brand-new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones, greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion.

Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks; there’s one park that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.

Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid, and not moving water, that formed Lechuguilla Cave, and those few other ones like it

It’s not really forming anymore… but there’s other ones like it, for example in Mexico, that are forming, and when cave researchers go to explore them, they see—and smell—the sulfuric acid and gases at work.

This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.

需复习的单词

choir

bulldozer

rehearsal

ensemble

nominate

speculate

challenging

haul back

consciously

weigh

pros and cons

elaborate

scarce

ingredient

lead

copper

revival

principal

reassemble

transverse

harpsichord

pluck

drumstick

percussion

soft tone

turning point

limestone

sulfuric

residue

rotten

gypsum

soluble

dissolve

总结：

1 GRE GMAT长难句一书里有关于抽象词的专门章节，说的是那些难易名状的抽象词汇需要专门花时间去理解，记忆，领悟。觉得其实阅读和听力里面，也有抽象内容这个概念。尤其是那种描述物理变化过程，或哲理性思辨的内容。尤其是听力里面，一旦出现长句形式表达的抽象内容，理解起来特别吃力。根据书里说的对抽象单词的处理建议来看，，似乎也没有很好的速成办法去处理这些抽象内容。只能把这些内容逐步拆解，仔细理解。希望积累以后，处理这种内容的能力可以提高。

2 抽象内容的基础，其实还是单词。比如 soluble dissolve 这两个，应该一起记忆。

龙驾马

Day 26

1月31日

TPO15 阅读

温血海龟 错1对9
物种灭绝 错1对9
冰川形成 错4对6


这三篇其实难度不是很大。冰川那篇，主要问题应该是开头轻视了，读的比较快，后来发现题目有些难，然后再去重读，反而时间不够了。阅读节奏还是需要把握好。
In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

With further melting, refreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn.

When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.

For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes.

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by the evolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans.

Some of the proposed mechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different times on different continents.

American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

A search of sedimentary deposits that span the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary.

To date, several such secondary craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat-shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.





flipper
coil
countercurrent
disintegrat
iridium
extinction
starvation
subsequently
debris
landform
engulf
hypothetical
granule