龙驾马的托福备考日记 Long Gamma

龙驾马

Day 47
2月21日
TPO 5 听力

校园对话
适应校园 错1对5
课程选课 错1对5

学术讲座
月球研究 错2对4
生物模因 错2对4
童话民谣 错1对5
光谱研究 错2对4

两篇对话都说学生遇到了问题，请求帮助，做起来比较容易。四篇讲座都比较有难度尤其是生物那篇，讲的有些绕，很多细节没听明白，但依靠运气答案还能猜对一些。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

龙驾马

Day 48
2月22日
TPO 4 阅读

鹿群生态 错3对11
岩洞艺术 错5对9
石油资源 错2对12

这次的阅读，岩洞这篇比较头痛。里面的大量描述读起来比较吃力，和背景知识有关，但也和长句的处理能力有关。其他两篇也有长句子，但相对简单些。岩洞这篇信息量太大，句子里信息比较浓缩，需要更耐心去看。
需要复习的句子：

Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque early Classical periods, we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genre within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.

Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano—the organ, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments, such as the harpsichord, which is still popular today with some musicians.

Previously, it was uh, quite rare for a woman to perform on anything but maybe a harp, or, or maybe she sang, but suddenly, in the nineteenth century, it became quite acceptable—even, to some extent, almost expected—for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano… partly because, among upper-middle-class women, it was a sign of refinement, but it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money—by giving piano lessons.

Well, the percussive effect of those little hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can control the dynamics of the sound—how softly or loudly each note is struck—hence the name pianoforte—“soft and loud.”

But, pressing the keys of a piano causes tiny felt-covered hammers to strike the strings inside the instrument, like drumsticks striking the head of a drum.

You see, the harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument, since pressing a key of a harpsichord causes a tiny quill that’s connected to the key to pluck the strings that are inside the instrument, much the same as a guitar pick plucks the strings of a guitar.

This brand-new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones, greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion.

Now, there are some pretty interesting caves in parts of the western United States, especially in national parks; there’s one park that has over a hundred caves, including some of the largest ones in the world.

Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration, but it’s safe to say that it’s sulfuric acid, and not moving water, that formed Lechuguilla Cave, and those few other ones like it

It’s not really forming anymore… but there’s other ones like it, for example in Mexico, that are forming, and when cave researchers go to explore them, they see—and smell—the sulfuric acid and gases at work.

This is part of what led us to the realization that Lechuguilla is in that small group of waterless caves.

需复习的单词
choir
bulldozer
rehearsal
ensemble
nominate
speculate
challenging
haul back
consciously
weigh
pros and cons
elaborate
scarce
ingredient
lead
copper
revival
principal
reassemble

龙驾马

Day 49
2月23日
TPO 4 听力
对话
图书馆借书 错2对3
讨论课题 错1对4
讲座
动物行为 错3对3
石头移动 错2对4
艺术支持 错1对5
艾默生 错2对4

对话里的图书馆借书一篇，本来以为会比较简单，但讨论的内容不是图书馆的还书规章之类的，而是偏学术讨论的如何选书，自己对这篇轻视了，做的不好。讲座里面，类似的有艾默生，开头挺着比较简单，但里面有涉及很多文学创作讨论，然后越听越听不懂，积累到后面就没有太多脑容量去记住关键信息了，做的也不好。动物行为这篇倒是从头到后都偏难，错一半在预料之中。

需要复习的句子：

Occasionally one can determine whether stone tools were used in the right hand or the left, and it is even possible to assess how far back this feature can be traced. In stone toolmaking experiments, Nick Toth, a right-hander, held the core (the stone that would become the tool) in his left hand and the hammer stone in his right.

The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere, and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.

Despite all the highly visible technological developments in theatrical and home delivery of the moving image that have occurred over the decades since then, no single innovation has come close to being regarded as a similar kind of watershed.

In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States.


In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion in the 1920s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures.

The United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques.

This is useful for irrigation, but the high temperatures, low humidities, and different day lengths of the dry season, compared to the normal growing season, can present difficulties with some crops.

In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films).

Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated (unsolidified) sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.


The rate of movement may be very slow: in the Indus plain, the movement of saline (salty) groundwaters has still not reached equilibrium after 70 years of being tapped.

需要复习的单词：

stencil
predominant
depict
fracture
spiral
tress
periodization
paradox
aesthetic
retard
inadequacy
triumph

龙驾马

Day 50
2月24日
TPO 3 阅读

建筑学  对2错12
水资源  对3错11
生态稳定 对2错12

这几篇难度不是很大。看上去信息量很多，但结构非常工整，难句也不算多，句子长但可以读懂。

需要复习的句子：

If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky.

In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that "noisy"nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.

Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees.

These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests.

The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators.

Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.

By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wooden core or cast by the lost wax process.

Apart from statues representing deities, kings, and named members of the elite that can be called formal, there is another group of three-dimensional representations that depicts generic figures, frequently servants, from the nonelite population.

Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.

需要复习的单词：

static
pillar
compactness
architectural
decorative
imagination
stationary
predator
propagate
planetarium
preposterous

龙驾马

Day 51
2月25日
TPO 2 阅读

沙漠形成 错3对11
鲸鱼起源  错2对12
早期影院  错2对12

这三篇难度还好，其中沙漠这篇讲的内容比较多，句子不长，但需要仔细分析。影院这篇长句子很多，但内容还好，耐心仔细阅读的话，做起来不会太吃力。

需要复习的句子

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

It was designed for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which contained only a few individual machines and permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-foot film at any one time.

With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.

These early projection devices were used in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience.

Previously, large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville, popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows, classical plays, lectures, and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time.

需要复习的单词

desertification
cetacean
spectator

龙驾马

2月26日
TPO 1 阅读

地下水 错3对11
戏剧起源  错2对12
植被生态  错2对12

地下水这篇其实难度还行，但阅读文章的时候速度偏快，轻视了，做的不如预期。反倒是戏剧和植被两篇做的比较仔细，结果要比预期好一些。这几篇长句一般，难度也还好，难点可能还是在背景知识吧

需要复习的长难句：

Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.

Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to overgeneralize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.

With these sophisticated observational assessment and electro-physiological measures, we know that the neonate of only a few days is far more perceptive than previously suspected.

The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged.

Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms.

For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle.

Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly.

The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

需要复习的单词：

verbalize
habituation
olfactory
eliciting
neonate
electro
chronobiology
continuation
synchronize
hatch
humanness
endow
predominate
gripe

龙驾马

2月27日
TPO 3 听力

对话
社团活动 错2对3
课题讨论 错0对5

讲座
岛屿气候 错3对3
光谱原理 错1对5
蜂鸟研究 错2对4
洞穴壁画 错1对5

对话方面，两篇都还好，不算太麻烦，就是有些光顾听情节，自己开脑洞想原因，反倒做错了题。
讲座方面，壁画那篇信息量密集，内容专业，还有比喻，听起来比较吃力。歌剧那篇也是，有一些稍专业的词汇影响了对内容的理解，但好在那篇的整体结构比较容易把握，做题效果比预期的好些。其他两篇感觉中规中矩，做题也是正常发挥。


需要复习的句子：
I would just stick to the topic, anything unrelated to the use of nature imagery has no place in the paper.

All that tangential material just distract from the main argument.


Well, better a short, well-structured paper than a long paper that's poorly-structured and wanders off topic.

It may not help you tie your shoe but that little plastic tip keeps the rest of the shoelace, the shoe string from unraveling into weak and useless threads.

Well, the telomeres at the ends of Chromosomes seem to do about the same thing —protect the genes, the genetically functional parts of the Chromosome from being damaged.

And in the future we may have virtually immortal nerve cells and immortal skin cells of whatever, because this chemical, telomerase, can keep the telomeres on the ends of Chromosomes from getting any shorter.

Basically, um, the idea is that business owners or business managers just go out and actually talk to their customers, and learn more about how well the business is serving their needs, and try to see what the customer experiences.

With active systems, on the other hand, you collect the solar energy at one location, and then you use pumps and fans to move heat from the collectors through a plumbing system to a tank, where it can be used to heat a home or to just provide hot water.

It came to America late and was considered too elitist for the general public, but Broadway musicals fulfilled a similar function for a great long while.

And so the music was secondary, if you will, to the dramatic cadence of language, to the way the rhythm of language was used to express feeling and used to add drama, and of course as a result, instead of arias, or solos which would come to dominate Italian opera, the French relied on what the Italians called “recitativo” or “recitative” in English, the lyrics were spoken... frequently to the accompaniment of a harpsichord

And the themes again, the themes changed, and opera was no longer about teaching religion as it was about satire, and about expressing the ideas of society or government without committing yourself to writing and risking imprisonment or persecution or what have you.



需要复习的单词：
imagery
swamped
tangential
payroll
definitely
shoelace
enzyme
telomerase
aspect
quote
harpsichord
melodious
imprisonment
persecution
aristocrat
migrate

龙驾马

Day 54
2月28日
TPO2 听力

校园对话
讨论报告 错1对5
活动安排 错0对6

学术讲座
行星位置 错1对5
亚里士多德 2对4
行为主义 错3对3
植物纤维 错2对4

两篇对话里报告那篇还是比较难的，有学术讲座的感觉，主义是讨论的内容比较深。四篇讲座，行为主义那个非常抽象，做的不太理想。亚里士多德那篇其实不算难，但做题的时候想的太多，反而错了不该错的。

需要复习的长难句：
Is it better for the environment to buy locally grown produce that is not certified as organic or is it better to get organically grown fruits and vegetables that must be trucked in from California, three thousand miles away.

When photons and light waves hit objects in our atmosphere, water droplets oxygen and nitrogen molecules, dust particles and so on, these objects are illuminated, they are lit up, and those things are also being lit by all our street lights, by the Moon, all these ambient light.

Cecilia Beaux was born in 1855, and after learning to paint and studying with several important artists of the time, Beaux became known as one of the best portrait painters in the United States.

Now, the undefined background also shows how Cecilia Beaux was influenced by the French Impressionists, who believed, like Beaux, in a personal rather than conventional approach to their subject matter.

Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and Rhizomes from one plant grow through the muddy soil and interlock with those of other nearby plants, the plants form a kind of colony, a community that will thrive and perish together. together.

By adjusting the osmotic pressure so that the cells are always fully inflated, the plant is able to withstand great pressure before snapping, so Spartinas may look like simple marsh grass, but they are really a wonder of chemistry, physics and structural engineering that allows them to survive and even thrive in an environment in which most plants will wilt and die within hours.

需要复习的单词：
literature
circumstance
atmosphere
gadget
interpretation
impressionist
portraiture
perish
saline
interlock

龙驾马

Day 55 2月29日 TPO1 听力 校园对话 图书馆找文献 错1对5 讨论毕业论文 错1对5 学术讲座 艺术课活动 错1对5 地质年代检测 2对4 古代建筑 错1对5 土拨鼠 错3对3

需要复习的句子：

What they do is they save their best performances, their most conspicuous and most risky displays for the time just before the baby birds become able to take care of themselves.

Now what the purple sandpiper does is when a predator approaches, it drags its wings, but not to give it the impression that its wing is broken, but to create the illusion that it has a second pair of legs.

Most of the time, when birds are engaging in distraction displays, they are going to be pretending either that they have an injury, or that they are ill, or that they are exhausted.

The wind was one reason, nothing sticking out that might blow away in the harsh weather, but there was probably another reason, not related to the climate, more, more reflection of a rural New England society back then.

So, so all these help to create an attitude of conformity in the community, and you can see why a modest, a very plain style would become so widely imitated through out rural New England.



Now you have some birds that are quite mature, are quite capable, almost as soon as they hatch, and in that case, the parent will put on the most conspicuous distraction displays just before the babies' hatch.

Wetlands are areas of marshy, swampy land, areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil for a large part of the year.

If temperatures overnight are already very close to the freezing point, then this drop of just a few degrees can take the temperature below freezing.

And what I, another think is that the loss of the wetlands has created the situation where the local temperatures in the area are now slightly different, slightly colder than they were 100 years ago, before the wetlands were drained.

Now, in theory, that would seem a great time to advertise, but maybe research shows you're wrong, that the customers who buy sports equipment tend not to give it as a holiday gift, but want to use it themselves.



需要复习的单词

convince
distract
imitated
mild
susceptible
porcelain
instigate
ceramics
utilitarian

妥妥

龙哥厉害了