再战日志

joe11

搞清楚了，谢谢蓝羽。

蓝羽

关于所有格：引用rhod 750心经中关于语法：“举个例子来说, 我不止一次看到有网友提到有生命体的所有格用’s, 无生命体的用of. 而根据我的总结, GMAT根本没有一道题目考到过这个原则. 我的总结只包括: 双重所有格错误; 代词不能指代所有格里的名词, 还有一些其他的所有格的effective的规则. 推而广之, 一切不出自于OG的语法规则, 都需要验证.”

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=34&ID=73427&page=1

leeon

In Winters v. United States

(1908), the Supreme Court held

that the right to use waters flow-

ing through or adjacent to the

(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation

was reserved to American Indians

by the treaty establishing the reservation.

Although this treaty did

not mention water rights, the Court

(10) ruled that the federal government,

when it created the reservation,

intended to deal fairly with

American Indians by preserving

for them the waters without which

(15) their lands would have been useless.

Later decisions, citing

Winters, established that courts

can find federal rights to reserve

water for particular purposes if

(20) (1) the land in question lies within

an enclave under exclusive federal

jurisdiction, (2) the land has been

formally withdrawn from federal

public lands — i.e., withdrawn from

(25) the stock of federal lands available

for private use under federal

land use laws — and set aside or

reserved, and (3) the circumstances

reveal the government

(30) intended to reserve water as well

as land when establishing the

reservation.

Some American Indian tribes

have also established water rights

(35) through the courts based on their

traditional diversion and use of

certain waters prior to the United

States’ acquisition of sovereignty.

For example, the Rio Grande

(40) pueblos already existed when the

United States acquired sovereignty

over New Mexico in 1848. Although

they at that time became part of the

United States, the pueblo lands

(45) never formally constituted a part

of federal public lands; in any

event, no treaty, statute, or executive

order has ever designated

or withdrawn the pueblos from

(50) public lands as American Indian

reservations. This fact, however,

has not barred application

of the Winters doctrine. What

constitutes an American Indian

(55) reservation is a question of

practice, not of legal definition,

and the pueblos have always

been treated as reservations by

the United States. This pragmatic

(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona

v. California (1963), wherein the

Supreme Court indicated that the

manner in which any type of federal

reservation is created does not

(65) affect the application to it of the

Winters doctrine. Therefore, the

reserved water rights of Pueblo

Indians have priority over other

citizens’ water rights as of 1848,

(70) the year in which pueblos must

be considered to have become

reservations.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q20:

The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn

from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?

A. Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to

apply to pueblo lands

B. Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands

C. Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public

lands

D. Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians

are limited by the Winters doctrine

E. Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the

traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q21:

The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 – 32 were the only criteria

for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?

A. The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would

not take precedence over those of other citizens.

B. Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.

C. There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.

D. Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with

reserved water rights.

E. Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in

order to reserve water for a particular purpose.

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q22:

According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the

Fort Berthold Indian Reservation?

A. It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.

B. It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters

case.

C. It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.

D. It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.

E. It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.

Answer:

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q23:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations

B. explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes

C. question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American

Indian tribes

D. discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government

recognized the water rights of American Indians

E. point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian

reservations

Answer:

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-14 13:18:32编辑过]

leeon

This passage writes about water rights of the American Indian tribes, according to the depiction of JJ, I think the passage is real one of the real test. So do it first, then discuss later.

joe11

引用rhod:  (from the link provided by LanYu)

推荐:
- 用LSAT逻辑练习阅读速度.
- 一定要理解GMAT文章的逻辑关系.

Leeon is right. Need to adjust my strategy.

leeon

I think the material of LSAT can help us to read the passage more efficient. especially in understanding the organization of the article, the logic relationship of the paragraph and the attitude chang of the author. For example, the following questions will teach us to concentrade on the reasoning of the passage, especially the conclusion of the passage, which is the most important of one passage.

George: Some scientists say that global warming will occur because people are releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning trees and fossil fuels. We can see, though, that the predicted warming is occurring already. In the middle of last winter, we had a month of springlike weather in our area, and this fall, because of unusually mild temperatures, the leaves on our town’s trees were three weeks late in turning color.

Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of George’s argument?

(A) whether carbon dioxide is the only cause of global warming

(B) when leaves on the trees in the town usually change color

(C) what proportion of global emissions of carbon dioxide is due to the burning of trees by humans

(D) whether air pollution is causing some trees in the area to lose their leaves

(E) whether unusually warm weather is occurring elsewhere on the globe more frequently than before

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-14 13:19:07编辑过]

joe11

         In Winters v. United States

         (1908), the Supreme Court held

         that the right to use waters flow-

         ing through or adjacent to the

(5)     laceType w:st="on">FortlaceType> laceName w:st="on">BertholdlaceName> Indian Reservation

         was reserved to American Indians

        by the treaty establishing the reservation.

        Although this treaty did

        not mention water rights, the Court

(10)  ruled that the federal government,

       when it created the reservation,

       intended to deal fairly with

        American Indians by preserving

       for them the waters without which

(15) their lands would have been useless.

       Later decisions, citing

      Winters, established that courts

       can find federal rights to reserve

       water for particular purposes if

(20) (1) the land in question lies within

       an enclave under exclusive federal

       jurisdiction, (2) the land has been

       formally withdrawn from federal

       public lands — i.e., withdrawn from

(25) the stock of federal lands available

       for private use under federal

       land use laws — and set aside or

       reserved, and (3) the circumstances

       reveal the government

(30) intended to reserve water as well

       as land when establishing the

       reservation.

       Some American Indian tribes

       have also established water rights

(35) through the courts based on their

        traditional diversion and use of

       certain waters prior to the United

       States’ acquisition of sovereignty.

       For example, the Rio Grande

(40) pueblos already existed when the

        United States acquired sovereignty

       over New Mexico in 1848. Although

       they at that time became part of the

       United States, the pueblo lands

(45) never formally constituted a part

       of federal public lands; in any

       event, no treaty, statute, or executive

       order has ever designated

       or withdrawn the pueblos from

(50) public lands as American Indian

       reservations. This fact, however,

       has not barred application

       of the Winters doctrine. What

       constitutes an American Indian

(55) reservation is a question of

       practice, not of legal definition,

       and the pueblos have always

       been treated as reservations by

       the United States. This pragmatic

(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona

        v. California (1963), wherein the

       Supreme Court indicated that the

       manner in which any type of federal

       reservation is created does not

(65) affect the application to it of the

       Winters doctrine. Therefore, the

       reserved water rights of Pueblo

       Indians have priority over other

       citizens’ water rights as of 1848,

(70) the year in which pueblos must

       be considered to have become

      reservations.

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-14 13:03:49编辑过]

leeon

I did wrong at this question at first glance, for the choice D looks like a typical answer which points out other reason can cause one conclusion, but took a deep consideration, I found that the passage concluded on weather warming caused by large amounts of carbon dioxide released, but the choice D mentioned about the reason which lead to some trees in the area to lose their leaves, this reason is irrelevant to the conclusion weather warming.So whatever D said is true or not, it can not effect on the conclusion of the passage.

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-14 13:20:01编辑过]

leeon

Joe11, thx for u rearranged my post, I will try to use a biger type of my post future.

joe11

ABDB?

Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of George’s argument?

(A) whether carbon dioxide is the only cause of global warming

     Out of scope.

(B) when leaves on the trees in the town usually change color

      只能对一个现象提供评价，对结论所依赖的其他现象（冬天里的反常温暖）没有作用。

(C) what proportion of global emissions of carbon dioxide is due to the burning of trees by humans

       对结论的 large amounts 进行评估。对。

(D) whether air pollution is causing some trees in the area to lose their leaves

      Out of scope. 环境污染使树落叶与树叶大规模按季节落叶是两码事。

(E) whether unusually warm weather is occurring elsewhere on the globe more frequently than before

     Out of scope.