蜗牛的目标也是终点（强烈推荐4-5页wangyu73cn NN RC,CR之指导方略)

flowerrainn

以下是引用wangyu73cn在2004-10-3 1:49:00的发言：

北京朝阳团结湖,离你那里不远吧?给了我,你不心疼吗?你不会把录像机/DVD一并都给我吧?那样我就搬不动了. :〔.....要是路太远,要坐飞机或火车去,我可亏大了,

不过建议你也别留着它.

衷心祝你快乐并考G成功!

谢谢你的祝福，也祝你申请到一个牛校。

你要是要来，路费好像可以买N个电视了（N> 5）

flowerrainn

我刚开始用小安阅读法总结，对于小安的阅读方法，我是这样理解的，不知道对不对，请先看我的一个例子

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth.” Snyder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affect behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A₁ and A₂. Snyder et al (et al: abbr. (Lat) 以及其他人，等人) propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would.

For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants.

To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.

There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder et al suggests that this is not a major stumbling block (stumbling block: n.障碍物, 绊脚石) to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.

1.     The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood

(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them

(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two

(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it（D）

(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it

2.     Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the theory proposed by Snyder et al?

(A) At very low concentrations in the human brain, both caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.

(B) The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low concentrations.

(C) The concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons in the human brain that leads to increased neuron firing can be produced by several different phosphodiesterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.

(D) The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is much greater than the concentration that produces behavioral stimulation in humans.（D）

(E) The concentration of IBMX required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much smaller than the concentration that stimulates locomotion in the mouse.

3.     According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine

(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans, whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only

(B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect

(C) increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations

(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release（D）

(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing

4.     In response to experimental results concerning IBMX, Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for psychoactive drugs to have

(A) mixed effects in the brain

(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain

(C) close structural relationships with caffeine

(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion（A）

(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain

5.     The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe that if the older theory concerning caffeine’s effects were correct, which of the following would have to be the case?

I.      All neurotransmitters would increase the short-term concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons.

II.     Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants.

III.   All concentration levels of caffeine that are high enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase.

(A) I only

(B) I and II only

(C) I and III only

(D) II and III only（D）

(E) I, II, and III

6.     According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPT

(A) IBMX

(B) caffeine

(C) adenosine

(D) theophylline（E）

(E) phosphodiesterase

7.     Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A₁ and A₂ receptors can be at least partially attributed to which of the following?

(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase

(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine

(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters

(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior（B）

(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain

8.     The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to

(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory

(B) summarize a major finding of their experiments

(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse

(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations（B）

(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory

9.     The last paragraph of the passage performs which of the following functions?

(A) Describes a disconfirming experimental result and reports the explanation given by Snyder et al in an attempt to reconcile this result with their theory.

(B) Specifies the basis for the correlation observed by Snyder et al and presents an explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the operation of psychoactive drugs other than caffeine.

(C) Elaborates the description of the correlation observed by Snyder et al and suggests an additional explanation in an attempt to make the correlation consistent with the older theory.

(D) Reports inconsistent experimental data and describes the method Snyder et al will use to reanalyze this data.（A）

(E) Provides an example of the hypothesis proposed by Snyder et al and relates this example to caffeine’s properties.

1,           main idea;

2,3,4,5,   information ,

6 ,            detail   (A在文中用笔划出题目所在行 “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.”;B在文中划出答案信息所在行To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding）

以此类推，找出其他的文章的main idea, information, structure, detail ,attitude 题，然后分类看，找规律，对吗？

请NN们一定指教一下。谢谢先了。

呆板彻底

好像是这样做，我正在弄呢，不过找不到感觉，哎哎。。

cocoabean

flowerrain MM, 加油了.

MM 啥时考呀?

wangyu73cn

  

对于OG阅读部分的学习，大致可以分成两个侧重来展开，一方面是对文章的掌握，这一方面可以按小安阅读法，参照携隐课堂中“南丁格尔”的分析范例进行。另一方面是对ETS相关解释的把握，在这里我想多说一些。

首先，以OG-1为例，请大家看看我是怎么剖析的，不当之处请指正，当然如果认为不可救药，就扔臭鸡蛋吧。。如果大家认真看完此篇解释，再大概统括一下，可以发现ETS在此主要给大家指出“定位”的作用。

在这篇开始之前，OG又特意罗嗦了三句重要的话：

1/The following discussion of reading comprehension is intended to familiarize you with the most efficient and effective approaches to the kinds of problems common to reading comprehension.

2/The particular questions in this chapter are generally representative of the kinds of reading comprehension questions you will encounter on the GMAT.

3/Remember that it is the problem-solving strategy that is important, not the specific details of a particular question.

第一句，ETS很自信地(the most efficient and effective approaches)提出让大家注意解决问题的最有效率、最有效果的阅读方法。而这些方法则在其解释的自里行间啊！大家真应该感谢ETS，在后面的285道题目中的解释中，他(我不再称呼他为它了)可谓呕心沥血地展示了这些方法，而这些方法往往是我们大部分XDJM们所忽略的，我们不仔细看就对不起人家啊！！！

第二句，说明这48篇范例，经过精心挑选，具有代表性，而不是简单拼凑的。可能每篇都有类型和问题的不同侧重点吧！？就象这第一篇是侧重定位的。

第三句，ETS又再次指出了解决问题的战略或曰策略或曰方法的重要性，而否定了各问题中具体内容的重要。其实，我还有疑问，ETS在此的前半句怎么看着别扭呢，it is…that…好像有点多余。但可能是强调句，强调problem-solving strategy吧。

第一题：解释部分只给出了正确选项的解释，其实ETS在后来的例子中连错误的选项也说明了是如何错的。我想他可能不想让我们一开始就太累了吧。由浅入深。我认为，此题指出“逐段总结”、“分清各段核心和层次”、“段落间关系”及“alternative意思”四个重点。

1/The best answer is D.

2/This question requires you to identify the primary concern of the passage as a whole.

3/The first paragraph presents a recent hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior.

4/The second paragraph describes an (earlier) and (widely accepted) hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior, and then presents evidence that is not consistent with that hypothesis.

5/The third and fourth paragraphs returns to the newer hypothesis introduced in the first paragraph and provide “evidence and arguments” that support this alternative hypothesis.

第一句，我发现ETS有时用best，有时用correct。我就考虑正确的选项可能有几个，但我们要选最好的。当然，ETS好像还没有在这两个词上做刻意区分。但是，在其他文章的题目中，确实出现一些情况：有的选项可能正确，但文中没有提到，因此模糊说来可以说这个选项correct，但绝不可以说它best。

第二句，他指出了此题目的。确实是“主题”题型。但我们应当注意，ETS指出，对此种题型，我们需要宏观把握主要内容。你也许会想，这简单，我早就知道，我不否认。但需要提醒的是，你有没有把解决主题题型的几个关键问题及几个步骤深入到脑海中呢。具体如何做，下面几句给出提示。

第三句，上来他说”第一段”如何如何，他是告诉我们要“逐段总结”。好吧，就让我们看看第一段：Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth.” Snyder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affect behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. ＃Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next. Like many other agents that affect neuron firing, adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes of these receptors, which have been designated A₁ and A₂. Snyder et al (et al: abbr. (Lat) 以及其他人，等人) propose that caffeine, which is structurally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would.读完后，你有没有像他那样总结出“a recent hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior”这一段落核心呢。这样我们发现此段就分成两部分句群了，以＃分开，第一层次就把此段概括了，第二层次是具体展开论述。我觉得，这是他表明我们要“分清各段的核心和层次”。

第四句，就让我们看看第二段：For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attributed to its inhibition of the production of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP. ＃A number of neurotransmitters exert their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behavioral stimulation. ＃^But Snyder et al point out that the caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than those that produce stimulation. ^Moreover, other compounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not stimulants. “分清各段的核心和层次”：本段核心为“an (earlier) and (widely accepted) hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior”及“evidence that is not consistent with that hypothesis”。这样本段可分为三个句群，以＃分开，第一层次总括，第二层次展开，第二层次指出2个证据evidence。同时，请注意他为什么说(earlier) and (widely accepted) 呢，可参照两点，一点是For many years, 另一点是have been attributed to，即通过时间和时态来表达的。（题外话：请注意，这里的第一个论据是存在诉诸权威的错误吗？因为逻辑题里常常会有引用某些人论述的选项。我认为不存在这种错误，诉诸权威是指权威的权威性确实被质疑，或引述内容来自权威但不是其真实意思，在此不存在这两方面问题。如果仔细研究一下逻辑部分的解释，就会发现ETS很少指出诉诸权威的错误，如果选项不对，往往也是因为其引述内容有缺陷。）

第五句，returns to揭示了文章的逻辑方向，强调我们要注意“段落间关系”。不是简单平叙，而是话题一转，又回到第一段的话题了。而且他没有再分述各段了，只是概括了一下后两段的内容，核心是“evidence and arguments” that support this alternative hypothesis。这提醒我们，这两段的“段落间关系”是紧密联系在一起，服务于同一内容的。我们可以把两段放在一起，分成六个层次：To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. ＃“In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotion.” ＃Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most effective compounds in both regards.＃There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding and stimulation. ＃One of these was a compound called 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), which bound very well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. ＃Snyder et al suggests that this is not a major stumbling block (stumbling block: n.障碍物, 绊脚石) to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.第一层次以实验evidence支持理论假设，第二层次对实验结果进行总结，第三层次例证实验结论。第四层次提出让步，第五层次例证这一让步，第六层次反驳这一让步。我们可以这样大致区分一下，即前三层次是evidence,后三层次是arguments.这就告诉了我们什么是evidence和arguments啊！同时，我注意到recent、newer、alternative是紧密联系在一起的。说明了什么是“alternative”。解释中的recent、newer、alternative被我连起来，同时我在alternative 旁打了星号，因为我觉得从全文中我们才能得到对这个词汇的直观解释。

今天就到这吧，没时间详细说明其他几题了。我把其重点简单列出，请大家自己思考吧：

2、人名及物质名定位，不同物质间的对应关系。

3、名词及特殊用语定位，this指代内容，原文改写。

4、名词定位。

5、名词定位，非限定性从句表重要性状，因果关系，原文改写。

6、引用作用，原文改写，注意修饰性词语的正确性。

从上述可以看到，ETS的短短几行解释，对我们理解全文是多么重要啊。也许你还不服气或者没有理解。那就请你先别看我上面的话，自己看看文章，你自己能够把解释和文章对应在一起吗。如果可以，那就分析一下第2题，把分析结果贴出来，我学习一下。。真不是怕大家否定我，只是担心大家可能真的不理解啊。注意，我不是给大家分析文章部分，而是分析解释部分。我们需要从解释中挖掘出ETS的老底来。

鉴于上述，我建议初学Gmat的XDJM们再辛苦辛苦，练练一些基本功。每天至少用3小时以上时间认真看OG的verbal直到考试。其实，我的OG快被我翻破了，我在各部分的解释处划划写写，首先把每个句子隔开，再用圆圈划一些重点词汇，再用连线把前后有联系的词连起来，再在每句旁边把它们的核心意思用中文写一下，再把不好理解的部分用红笔在旁边打上星号。一开始可以先把速度再放慢些。先看看自己是不是真把阅读、逻辑、语法题的文章和解释部分都看明白了，头脑中是否能够形成从一句话到下一句话(对于语法就是从一个分句到下一个分句)意思的递进、转折和并列了。如果在不能对文章进行有效的形象的逻辑的思考情况下，单纯讲求速度而仅仅把握大概意思，则犹如还不知飞行原理，就试图展翅翱翔一样；就像古人指望粘满羽毛的双臂可以把自己带往高空一样，结局可不容乐观了。我们的方式就是要把对verbal的理解尽力深化，甚至向我们对数学的理解一样的水平靠拢。再辅以其他一些材料的练习和验证，这样ETS就对我们xdjm们没办法，他只好给我们高分了。

其实，考试失败使我不断审视自己对Gmat的认识，我最终发现自己起先对Gmat认识有致命性偏差，总试图以自己的思维方式来对待Gmat，欠缺对题目深入、准确和全面的认识。而ETS在OG中则很有必要地向我们展现了它对借助语言所传达的各种思维的认识，它强调细部准确含义、相关内容普遍联系、针对重点并忽略次要内容等等方面。因此，我们应该很感谢ETS，他带给我们新的思维方式。上述认识偏差集中体现在：重题海而轻OG。题海越多，认识越不及深入，其实，我觉得，我们应该仔细研究OG。而其他题目应是做检验用。我上过新东方，觉得其课程应该还是有一些作用的，但它并不能代替我们自己对OG反复认知。OG的解释几乎可谓句句有用，虽然有的句子不用钻牛角尖式地进行研究，大家还是应该把OG的每一句解释都搞清楚。可能是受新东方的影响，我起先对OG有点不屑，错误认为它很简单。但当我依循CD上的总结，把OG前前后后看了五、六遍后，就非常赞同ETS的论述了，觉得它讲的有道理，很有道理。我把CD上OG讨论题全部都看了一遍，受益良多。但觉得好像还不是特别充分，尤其是阅读部分的讨论量还比较少。所以，我就以上述OG第一篇第一题来讲讲我的想法。

当然，我们还要注意CD上大家提供的机经，它们大有作用。管13篇也异乎寻常得重要。还有就是大家对考试安排、日常注意问题的讨论也是有帮助的。

另外，由于没有找到解释的电子版，还需要打出来。要是有哪位可以提供一下word文档就好了。

携隐

以下是引用wangyu73cn在2004-10-2 2:36:00的发言：

我为考试,没敢买电视,刚考完，正准备买。.

楼主能不能把你的电视处理一下. 搬走/拔掉信号线/锁起来并把key给别人/弄坏它/送给我/，你任意选。当然I prefer the last choice.   

wangyu真是...呵呵.

我复习以来电视机已经蒙上厚厚一层灰了.(想起一道大全SC:dirt of a height of 3-4 feet/ as high as 3-4 feet, wangyu GG选哪个?)

wangyu73cn

携隐，有这道题目吗？我搜了一下，没找到，但记得好像见过，请告题号。但，只要不选你那电视机上厚厚的一层灰就好了。

flowerrainn，我想起来N》5，好像已经可以去大洋彼岸了。^_^

携隐

GWD-11-Q14:

The single-family house constructed by the Yana, a Native American people who lived in what is now northern California, was conical in shape, its framework of poles overlaid with slabs of bark, either cedar or pine, and banked with dirt to a height of three to four feet.

A.    banked with dirt to a height of

B.     banked with dirt as high as that of

C.    banked them with dirt to a height of

4. was banked with dirt as high as
   



5. was banked with dirt as high as that of

我选D.(花雨MM不好意思借你地方啊)

讨论贴:

http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&star=4&replyid=611625&id=56350&skin=0&page=1

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-5 23:04:05编辑过]

flowerrainn

严重感谢WANGYU GG的指导。

wangyu GG, 你的分析让我强烈的感觉到考高分的NN真是无一例外都有一把手刃GMAT 的宝剑，也让我极度感到我学习存在的问题之巨大。你对文章的分析让我想到了以前学语文，不就是这样划分层次，段落大意分析吗，只不过要是你不说起，我是万万不会想到这样去分析GMAT的文章的。

现在我被划得花里胡梢的资料就只有OG的语法部分；（最让我无地自容的是我的语法并没有显著提高，不过我还在继续看着。）我也尝试仔细研究OG的逻辑解释，可是怎么觉得中间的解释那样的晦涩，总也不是很明白呢？不象语法，总有让人“AHA ”的地方。还有逻辑题本身，好像有个强烈的感觉就是绝大部分的题，题目读懂了，就可以做对，那是不是掌握一定的方法，读不很懂的题也能做对呢？

关于你说的：“在这篇开始之前，OG又特意罗嗦了三句重要的话：

1/The following discussion of reading comprehension is intended to familiarize you with the most efficient and effective approaches to the kinds of problems common to reading comprehension.

2/The particular questions in this chapter are generally representative of the kinds of reading comprehension questions you will encounter on the GMAT.

3/Remember that it is the problem-solving strategy that is important, not the specific details of a particular question.”

因为是下载的CD的OG的题，我都没看到这种前面的序语，问题不大吧。

现在我最怕想的是，要是我这么仔细的分析下去，我这个笨笨的人要做到什么时候呢？

WANGYU GG，你的推断没错，我现在在北美。

wangyu73cn

携隐，还真不容易啊。我当时选A。独立主格，两部分并列，后部分省略its framework of poles。B中that无所指，C中them指代错，D、E使整句结构发生错误。且E的that也不可接受。初步想法，我会再在OG中找找对应的解释。不过我觉得这题中独立主格的部分感觉上有点象XDF-SC-5那道壁画的题。再报。

[此贴子已经被作者于2004-10-5 23:46:22编辑过]