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Chapter 11 GMC/S-V/parallelsim:advanced
1.concision:specific patterns of wordiness
always use concision last
标准 V-A-N=verb>adjective/adverb>noun
1)pattern 1 : prefer a verb to an action noun(a noun that express an action)
动词优于名词，动词形式优于名词+be/made形式
2)pattern2:Prefer a that-clause(with verbs)to a series of phrases(with noun)
wordy: The hypothesisi about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seem strange
Better: The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange
that从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括
hypothesis,belief,suggestion,discovery,evidence,indication,report
3)pattern3:prefer a verb to an adjective
wordy better
are able to can
be suggestive of suggest
be indicative of indicate
4)patter 4: prefer an adjective to a noun
wordy: There is an abundance of funds for school construction
Better: Funds for school construction are abundant
since adjective are designed to modify nouns ,they ofen do so more concisely than larger phrase
5) Pattern 5: Prefer an Adverb to a Prepositional Phrase
Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasotine pump have not fallen TO
A COMPARABLEEXTENT.
Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen
COMPARABLY.
To modify a verb phrase (e.g., have notfallen), use a simple adverb rather than a long prepositional
phrase that means the same thing.
Wordy Better
to a considerable extent considerably
to a significant degree significantly
When you search for the most concise
answer, run an "Elimination BE': get rid of any unnecessary uses of be
6)Pattern 6: Prefer an Adjective to an Adjective Clause with Be
Wordy: Marcos is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.
Better ：Marcos is an ADMIRABLE professor.
Wordy: Joan, WHO IS a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park.
Better: Joan, a FIREFIGHTER, works in Yosemite Park
7）Pattern 7: Remove IT IS... THAT. ..
Wordy:IT IS without fear THAT children should play.
Better:Children should play without fear.
none of these Concision patterns expresses a rule but rather a preference.
2.Concision:don't make it too short
1)"too short‘pattern：Keep the prepositional phrase if you need to 需要的时候保留介词短语
名词—形容词结构常常很简单，也容易出错
In many cases, when we have one noun modified by a prepositional phrase, we can turn the phrase into a Noun-Adjective and put it in front of the first noun, thus shortening the
whole expression.
This process works the best when the preposition is of ,the simplest and most common preposition in English. However, if the preposition is not of, then you should avoid collapsing the prepositional phrase.
Notice that places or locations rarely work well as Noun-Adjectives, unless the original prepositional phrase begins with of
Too short Better
Aegean sea salt salt from the Aegean
Ural Mountain ore ore from the ural Moutains
Dannbe River access access to the Danube River
population changes of honeybees changes in the population of honeybees
(1)当前面的名词是 时间period 数量quantity或者计量性质的词的时候一定要用of结构
Moreover, you should not collapse certain Of prepositional phrases into Noun-Adjectives.
Whenever you have a time period, quantity or other measurement as the first word, keep
the prepositional phrase with of
（2）最好不要用 所有格的形式修饰一个计量性的词
Too short Better
Memorial Day week/Memorical Day's week the week of Memorial Day
the merger year the year of the merger
the Oxygen amount the amount of oxygen
the honeybee density the density of the honeybee population
2)"Too Short" Pattern 2: Keep That Of or Those Of if You Need To需要的时候保留“that of”和“those of",在比较中，that of,those of 很重要
Too Short: The face I see in ads every day is a famous actor.
Better: The face I see in ads every day is THATOF a famous actor.
很多情况下，that又是多余的
3）Too Short" Pattern 3: Keep That after a Reporting Verb
indicate claim contend report announce assert believe confess demonstrate doubt expect hold know mention observe proclaim reason recognize repeat state thinl warn beconvinced be certain assured declare find reveal show
3.Parrallelism
(1)We can divide nouns into two categories:
1) Concrete nouns (物体名词）refer to things, people, places, and even time periods or cenain events.
rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week
2) Action nouns（动作名词） refer to actions, as their name implies. They are often formed from verbs.
eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth
二者不能平行
(2)-Ing verb forms used as nouns are called Gerunds. Gerund phrases are divided into two categories as well:
A) Simple Gerund Phrases
Simple gerund phrases are "Nouns on the Outside, Verbs on the Inside." That is, the underlined phrase acts as a noun:
Tracking satellites accurately is important for the space agency .
B) Complex Gerund Phrases
Complex gerund phrases are "Nouns Through and Through." The -Ing gerund form is made fully into a noun; in fact, it is often preceded by articles (a, an, or the) or adjectives
(accurate). The object is put into an Of prepositional phrase (e.g., the running of marathom)or placed in front of the -Ing form (e.g., marathon running). Complex gerund phrases may
sometimes sound less natural than simple gerund phrases, as in the example above
The accurate tracking of satellites is important for the space agency
(3)简单动名词不能和复杂动名词平行，Wrong: I enjoyed drinking the water AND the wine tasting.
Drinking the water is a simple gerund phrase, but the wine tasting is a complex gerund
phrase.
Right: I enjoyed drinking the water AND tasting the wine.
(4)只有复杂动名词才能与动作名词平行
Of the two types of gerund phrases, only complex ones can be parallel to action nouns.In a list of action nouns, a simple gerund phrase might be mistaken for something other
than a noun.
(5)In any list of action nouns, always choose the complex gerund phrase (often with articles
and the word Of) over the simple gerund phrase!
(6)In brief, there are three categories of nouns: (1) Concrete Nouns, (2) Action Nouns and
Complex Gerunds, and (3) Simple Gerunds. Do not mix these categories
(7)What Else Is Considered Parallel
1)Working Verbs
Only working verbs are parallel to other working verbs.
2) Infinitives
Infinitives are the TO form of the verb (e.g., to be is the infinitive of be). In general, only
make infinitives parallel to other infinitives. The to can be omitted in the second infinitive(and all the rest), unless there is a parallelism marker before the first Inflnitive
3) Adjectives, Past Participles, and Present Participles (used as adjectives)
A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still frgID, is on display.
Only a few feet wide BUTspanning a continent, the railroad changed history.
(4) Clauses
Only clauses starting with the same word should be made parallel. In general, clauses
should not be made parallel to anything besides another clause.
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