【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-12】

Elisha728

48. (34221-!-item-!-188;#058&007550)
Parasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg.  If they laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space.  If too few eggs were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.
Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?

(A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps. Not necessarily true
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species. Not necessarily true
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more quickly than would laying too many eggs. Not necessarily true
(E) Parasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the size of a host egg. Not necessarily true

Analysis:
This is a “must be true” question.

Please pay attention to the adverb ”theoretically” in option A, without this verb, this option will be wrong.

lyrsilvia

D BBEA
1. 23'
P: high blood pressure-->more nervous and anxious
C: personality traits-->hypertensive personality-->high blood pressure
Reasoning Flaw: cause cannot be the effect
答案：D
(A) fails to define the term “hypertensive personality”--------not the core of reasoning
(B) presupposes that people have permanent personality traits-------------not the flaw of reasoning
(C) simply restates the claim that there is a “hypertensive personality” without providing evidence to support that claim.-------------not the core of the reasoning flaw
(D) takes a correlation between personality traits and high blood pressure as proof that the traits cause high blood pressure.------------CORRECT. correlation≠cause and effect relation
(E) focuses on nervousness and anxiety only, ignoring other personality traits that people with high blood pressure might have----------not the core of the flaw.

2. 28'
BG: A major impediment to wide acceptance of electric vehicles is the inability to use electric vehicles for occasional extended trips.
P:  offer customers three days free rental of a conventional car for every 1,000 miles that they drive their electric vehicle
C: will make purchasing electric vehicles more attractive to commuters
Threaten the prospects for success: offer days free will not attract more commuters-->perhaps other factors affect commuters' choice
答案：B
(A) Many electric vehicles that are used for commercial purposes are not needed for extended trips.-----------just some evidence relevant to the BG. and many is too vague
(B) Because a majority of commuters drive at least 100 miles a week, the cost to the producer of making good the offer would add considerably to the already high price of electric vehicles.------------------------CORRECT. at least 100 miles a weak means the 1000 miles standard is easy to achieve, and the producer's cost will lead to the higher price which is not preferable for customers, thus affect the plan's prospects
(C) The relatively long time it takes to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle can easily be fitted into the regular patterns of car use characteristic of commuters.------------------the disadvantage of electric vehicle
(D) Although electric vehicles are essentially emission-free in actual use, generating the electricity necessary for charging an electric vehicle's battery can burden the environment.---------------companies are just not concerned about the environment
(E) Some family vehicles are used primarily not for commuting but for making short local trips, such as to do errands.------------what vehicles are used for is not the point we should discuss.

3. 47’
P: no European trade goods were found at the site
C:  the camp probably dates to no later than 1630
Strengthen: trade goods were the symbol of after 1630
答案：B
(A) Due to trade among Native Americans, some European trade goods would have reached the area before the European traders themselves did.-------------means even European traders were active from the 1620's onward, the goods can be found early than 1620. this statement is meaningless
(B) At all camps in the region that have been reliably dated to the late 1620's, remains of European trade goods have been found.---------------CORRECT. means goods are symbol of late 1620
(C) The first European trade goods to reach the area would have been considered especially valuable and preserved as much as possible from loss or destruction.-------------what first European is considered is not relevant to the mean topic
(D) The first European traders in the area followed soon after the first European explorers.-------------the relation between explorers and traders is not discussed in the question
(E) The site is that of a temporary camp that would have been used seasonally for a few years and then abandoned.------------what the temporary camp is used is not related to the topic

4. 28'
BG: cars over five years old typically generate significantly greater amounts of pollutants than newer cars
P: introduce incentives for Torinians to scrap their old cars every five years and replace them with new ones
C: boost Torinia's economy and reduce air pollution
Undermines: scrap old cars is bad for economy or for air pollution
答案：E
(A) Without the implementation of the planned incentives, most Torinians who own an old car would be unlikely to buy a new car.----------state the importance of the planned incentives, strengthen
(B) Torinia's automobile plant manufactures car models that typically generate smaller amounts of air pollutants than most similarly sized car models manufactured elsewhere.------------the comparison between T and elsewhere is irrelevant
(C) The new cars produced in Torinia are not likely to be exported to other countries.--------------means new cars will be used by domestic consumers. strengthen
(D) The largest source of atmospheric pollutants in Torinia is not automobile emissions, but emissions from power plants.--------------but switch to new cars will help to reduce air pollution
(E) The manufacture and the scrapping of cars each generate significant amounts of air pollutants.-------------CORRECT. means scrap is bad

5. 23'
P: Parasitic wasps lay their eggs exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg.
   too many-->compete for space
   too few-->host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae
Conclusion: wasps are really good at measure their laying egg actions
答案：A
(A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.--------------CORRECT. it can be determined
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps.---------------host insects' defenses are not discussed
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species.---------there is no information about how wasps learn to lay eggs
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more quickly than would laying too many eggs.------------------the comparison between more eggs and fewer eggs is irrelevant.
(E) Parasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the size of a host egg.-----------whether they use visual clues is not the case.

览物之情

10月13号
1 25s
Premiseeople with high blood pressure are generally more nervous and anxious than people who do not have high blood pressure.
Conclusion: This fact show that this particular combination of personality traits—the socalled hypertensive(患高血压的) personality—is likely to cause a person with these traits to develop high blood pressure.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to
criticism on the grounds that the argument: weaken the argument
P ：因果关系错了。Not the personality cause the high blood pressure but the blood pressure cause the traits.
A)        fails to define the term “hypertensive personality”
(B) presupposes that people have permanent personality traits
(C) simply restates the claim that there is a “hypertensive personality” without
providing evidence to support that claim.
(D) takes a correlation between personality traits and high blood pressure as proof that the
traits cause high blood pressure.------correct
(E) focuses on nervousness and anxiety only, ignoring other personality traits that people
with high blood pressure might have

2 31s
Premise: A major impediment(阻碍) to wide acceptance of electric vehicles even on the part of people who use their cars almost exclusively for commuting（通勤） is the inability to use electric vehicles for occasional extended trips.  
Plan: In an attempt to make purchasing electric vehicles more attractive to commuters, one electric vehicle producer is planning to offer customers three days free rental of a conventional car for every 1,000 miles that they drive their electric vehicle.
Which of the following, if true, most threatens the plan's prospects for success
P: is tree day enough attractive for customers.
A)        Many electric vehicles that are used for commercial purposes are not needed for extended trips.------ 感觉和premise矛盾。
(B) Because a majority of commuters drive at least 100 miles a week, the cost to the producer of making good the offer would add considerably to the already high price of electric vehicles.---------correct.so the purchase will not be attractive if the price is high.
(C) The relatively long time it takes to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle can easily be fitted into the regular patterns of car use characteristic of commuters.-----irrelevant
(D) Although electric vehicles are essentially emission-free in actual use, generating the electricity necessary for charging an electric vehicle's battery can burden the environment.-------irrelevant
(E) Some family vehicles are used primarily not for commuting but for making short local trips, such as to do errands.------变成family vehicles irrelevant

3 27s
Background: Archaeologists in Michigan have excavated a Native American camp near Dumaw Creek.  Radiocarbon dating of animal bones found at the site indicates that the camp dates from some time between 1605 and 1755.
Conclusion: However, the camp probably dates to no later than 1630, since no European trade goods were found at the site, and European traders were active in the region from the 1620's onward.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
P European goods are found in other later camp 因果联系mention both the camp and goods
(A )Due to trade among Native Americans, some European trade goods would have reached the area before the European traders themselves did.---irrlevant
(B) At all camps in the region that have been reliably dated to the late 1620's, remains of European trade goods have been found.-------correct
(C) The first European trade goods to reach the area would have been considered especially valuable and preserved as much as possible from loss or destruction.-----irrelevant
(D) The first European traders in the area followed soon after the first European explorers.----irrlevant
(E) The site is that of a temporary camp that would have been used seasonally for a few years and then abandoned.----irrelevant

4 31s
Premise: cars over five years old typically generate significantly greater amounts of pollutants than newer cars.  In Torinia, which has recently built its first automobile manufacturing plant, most cars are over five years old.
purpose: Aiming to boost Torinia's economy and reduce air pollution
Plan: the government plans to introduce incentives for Torinians to scrap their old cars every five years and replace them with new ones.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the likelihood that the planned incentives, if implemented, will achieve both of the cited aims?
P what’s the side effect of the plan. Manufacturing new cars will generate pollute.

A) Without the implementation of the planned incentives, most Torinians who own an old car would be unlikely to buy a new car.----support
(B) Torinia's automobile plant manufactures car models that typically generate smaller amounts of air pollutants than most similarly sized car models manufactured elsewhere.---irrlevant
(C) The new cars produced in Torinia are not likely to be exported to other countries.---irrelevant
(D) The largest source of atmospheric pollutants in Torinia is not automobile emissions, but emissions from power plants.-----look good but power plants is irrelevant
(E) The manufacture and the scrapping of cars each generate significant amounts of air pollutant____correct.

5 32s
Premise arasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg.
Additional premise: If they laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space.  If too few eggs were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.

Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?
P wasps deliberately do this to help next generation
A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.-----irrelevant 有新元素出现
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps.-------maybe, suspect.
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species.---------correct
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more quickly than would laying too many eggs.---------not mention
(E) Parasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the size of a host egg.------not mention

w.melhere

1.35' 没太明白思路，但是做对了。看了NN们讨论想起来似乎是有这么一类题，但是接触的比较少。
2.34'  in order to make EC more attractive, every 1000 mils for 3 day free.
3.38' Evidence:Animal bones show 1605-1755. And no Euro stuffs from 1620 be found. \
        Conclusion: 1620-1755
        GUESS: other evidence. 这个是老套路啦。
4.40' E
5.46' 错选了C。 开始A选项的句子就没有读懂，现在再看发现A是客观的，基于研究者能力的判断。而C是主观的认为了wasps有学习经验的能力。 这道题要吸取教训啦！

cecidefok

精练题
选D

45.
问削弱
选C,这样就不attractive了

46.
选B

47.
选E

48.
选C

yuehuasunday

Background: Parasitic wasps lay their eggs in other's egg

Premise: Too many: Compete to death

Conclusion: Too few: portions of the host eft would decay, killing the wasp larvae

(A) Correct

irenetopia

【精练】52S
1. People with high blood pressure are generally more
nervous and anxious than people who do not have
high blood pressure. This fact show that this
particular combination of personality traits—the socalled
hypertensive personality—is likely to cause a
person with these traits to develop high blood
pressure.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to
criticism on the grounds that the argument  
逻辑链：有高血压的人更容易烦躁焦虑。
因此有这种症状的人更容易患高血压
因果倒置问题

(A) fails to define the term “hypertensive
personality”
(B) presupposes that people have permanent
personality traits
(C) simply restates the claim that there is a
“hypertensive personality” without
providing evidence to support that claim.
(D) takes a correlation between personality traits
and high blood pressure as proof that the
traits cause high blood pressure.——直接秒
(E) focuses on nervousness and anxiety only,
ignoring other personality traits that people
with high blood pressure might have


【逻辑链】
45. 46S
A major impediment to wide acceptance of electric vehicles even on the part of people who use their cars almost exclusively for commuting is the inability to use electric vehicles for occasional extended trips.  In an attempt to make purchasing electric vehicles more attractive to commuters, one electric vehicle producer is planning to offer customers three days free rental of a conventional car for every 1,000 miles that they drive their electric vehicle.
Which of the following, if true, most threatens the plan's prospects for success?
逻辑链：人们普遍接受electric vehicles的主要原因是他们不能跑太远
因此有个EV商家决定给消费者提供1000公里试骑活动来促销
问削弱
思路：就是其很远的电动车也挽救不了它得不到青睐的命运……
(A) Many electric vehicles that are used for commercial purposes are not needed for extended trips.——反对了前提，排除
(B) Because a majority of commuters drive at least 100 miles a week, the cost to the producer of making good the offer would add considerably to the already high price of electric vehicles.——bingo提出了方案的一个副作用
(C) The relatively long time it takes to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle can easily be fitted into the regular patterns of car use characteristic of commuters.——这两个没有关系，跟方案无关
(D) Although electric vehicles are essentially emission-free in actual use, generating the electricity necessary for charging an electric vehicle's battery can burden the environment.——也跟促销方案无关
(E) Some family vehicles are used primarily not for commuting but for making short local trips, such as to do errands.——跟前提矛盾了。

46.  1：25min
Archaeologists in Michigan have excavated a Native American camp near Dumaw Creek.  Radiocarbon dating of animal bones found at the site indicates that the camp dates from some time between 1605 and 1755.  However, the camp probably dates to no later than 1630, since no European trade goods were found at the site, and European traders were active in the region from the 1620's onward.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
逻辑链：挖到camp，从骨头发现他是在1605到1755之间的
但是camp一般在1630年后就没有了，因为欧洲的贸易者在1620年以后开始
问加强
就找出可以证明camp在 1605到1630年之间的选项就好了，两个前提虽用however但是不矛盾

(A) Due to trade among Native Americans, some European trade goods would have reached the area before the European traders themselves did.——无关，没提到camp
(B) At all camps in the region that have been reliably dated to the late 1620's, remains of European trade goods have been found.——bingo！综合前提！解释了疑惑点
(C) The first European trade goods to reach the area would have been considered especially valuable and preserved as much as possible from loss or destruction.——没提到camp
(D) The first European traders in the area followed soon after the first European explorers.——也是没提到camp
(E) The site is that of a temporary camp that would have been used seasonally for a few years and then abandoned.——不加强也不削弱

47. 45S
Automobile emissions are a significant source of air pollutants, and cars over five years old typically generate significantly greater amounts of pollutants than newer cars.  In Torinia, which has recently built its first automobile manufacturing plant, most cars are over five years old.  Aiming to boost Torinia's economy and reduce air pollution, the government plans to introduce incentives for Torinians to scrap their old cars every five years and replace them with new ones.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the likelihood that the planned incentives, if implemented, will achieve both of the cited aims?
逻辑链：automobile emission污染环境，汽车在使用五年后比新车更污染环境
政府建了汽车制造厂为了经济增长和降低污染，让人们换新车。
问削弱：看选项能不能组织目的“经济提高，降低污染”达成

(A) Without the implementation of the planned incentives, most Torinians who own an old car would be unlikely to buy a new car.——无关
(B) Torinia's automobile plant manufactures car models that typically generate smaller amounts of air pollutants than most similarly sized car models manufactured elsewhere.——汽车内部比较，无关
(C) The new cars produced in Torinia are not likely to be exported to other countries.——无关
(D) The largest source of atmospheric pollutants in Torinia is not automobile emissions, but emissions from power plants.——没有提到计划，无关
(E) The manufacture and the scrapping of cars each generate significant amounts of air pollutants.——bingo!有效削弱了政府建汽车制造厂和换车的危害能使plan达不到目标

48. 30S
Parasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg.  If they laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space.  If too few eggs were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.
Which of the following conclusions can properly be drawn from the information above?
逻辑链：P蜂在其他宿主昆虫那产卵的数量是要匹配宿主自己的卵的大小。如果它产卵太多，幼虫会自相残杀（啧啧好血腥），如果产卵太少，部分宿主卵会腐烂？杀掉蜂卵。
问MP：就是要根据第一句，改写句子。
(A) The size of the smallest host egg that a wasp could theoretically parasitize can be determined from the wasp's egg-laying behavior.——bingo！
(B) Host insects lack any effective defenses against the form of predation practiced by parasitic wasps.——没有提到
(C) Parasitic wasps learn from experience how many eggs to lay into the eggs of different host species.——我开始选的这个，选错了
(D) Failure to lay enough eggs would lead to the death of the developing wasp larvae more quickly than would laying too many eggs.——只说了一方面，还有morequick不对
(E) Parasitic wasps use visual clues to calculate the size of a host egg.——没提到

goodluck22

Background: high pressure -> more nervous
Premise: so called personality is likely to cause a person with high blood pressure
Prephrase:  don’t know
ANS: D CORRECT

Background: major trouble of electric vehicles is the inability to use for occasional trip

Premise: attempt to make purchase more attractive-> three days free rental for 1000 mile that they drive

Prephrase: this policy will hurt company somehow

A.        Irrelevant
B.        Correct
C.        Support
D.        Out of scope
E.        Family vehicles out of scope

Premise: animal bones found at the site between 1605-1705
No trade goods active>1620

Conclusion: The camp <1630
Prephrase:
A.        WEAKEN
B.        CORRECT
C.        NOT TALK ABOUT FIRST TRADE GOODS
D.        IRRELEVANT
E.        Background

Premise: incentive to scrap old cars and replace new  boost economy and reduce pollution
Prephrase: will not boost economy or increase pollution
A.        SUPPORT
B.        SUPPORT
C.        IRRELEVANT
D.        OUT OF SCOPE
E.        CORRECT

Parasitic lay too much – larvae compete too much
                         Too few- portion of egg would decay
A.        correct
B.        denfense?
C.        Learn>
D.        Cannot
E.        Cannot

cyndichiang

精炼题 36‘’
premiseeople with high blood pressure are generally more nervous and anxious than people who do not have high blood pressure.
conclusion:this particular combination of personality traits—the socalled hypertensive personality—is likely to cause a person with these traits to develop high blood pressure.
Q:Weaken
prephrase: 果推因：说两者没有因果关系
          people who are hypertensive have not develop blood pressure
               people who are not hypertensive develp blood pressure
               other factors
选项分析：
(A) fails to define the term “hypertensive
personality”-----irrelevant, opposite,the passage has defined the hypertensive already.
(B) presupposes that people have permanent
personality traits----irrelevant
(C) simply restates the claim that there is a
“hypertensive personality” without
providing evidence to support that claim.---irrelevant
(D) takes a correlation between personality traits
and high blood pressure as proof that the
traits cause high blood pressure.---correct,文章只是说了两者关系并没有说他们存在因果关系
(E) focuses on nervousness and anxiety only,
ignoring other personality traits that people
with high blood pressure might have----不如D来的直接

cyndichiang

逻辑链：
1. 33‘’
premise:A major impediment to wide acceptance of electric vehicles is the inability to use electric vehicles for occasional extended trips
Conclusion:planning to offer customers three days free rental of a conventional car for every 1,000 miles that they drive their electric vehicle can make electric vehicles more attractive
Q: Weaken
prephrase: if the plan has some side effects such as the increasing price which in turns will prevent customers buying electric vehicles.

2.43''
premise:no European trade goods were found at the site, and European traders were active in the region from the 1620's onward
conclusion: the camp probably dates to no later than 1630
Q:Support
prephrase:

3.26''
premise: cars over five years old expel more pollutants than new cars do
conclusion: in order to reduce the pollutants, the government plans to courage people to scrap their old cars every five years and replace them with new ones
Q:Weaken
prephrase: 指出方案的副作用 scraping old cars can lead to more pollutants.

4.43''
premise: If Parasitic wasps laid too many eggs in a host egg, the developing wasp larvae would compete with each other to the death for nutrients and space.  If too few eggs were laid, portions of the host egg would decay, killing the wasp larvae.
Conclusion:???
Q:Must be true
prephrase: parasitic wasps know how many eggs can be properly laid
这题选错了，选了C，C 其实是过度推理了，文中并没有说learn from experience的事
而A 文中说能寄生in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg
对应A 选项，能够知道合适的最小值。而这个逻辑链的premise应该是首句：Parasitic wasps lay their eggs directly into the eggs of various host insects in exactly the right numbers for any suitable size of host egg