【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-6】

corneliaflower

接过daisy的班，花儿也成为小分队发帖一员~
今天是thanks giving day，要感恩CD，感恩逻辑小分队，感恩XDJM们，更要感恩努力过付出着驶向成功的自己。

跟帖做题方法请见：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_CR/thread-613902-1-1.html

【精练】

1. Human beings have cognitive faculties that are
superior to those of other animals, and once humans
become aware of these, they cannot be made happy
by anything that does not involve gratification of
these faculties.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most
calls into question the view above?
———Bible Weaken Question Problem Set NO.1

(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.



【逻辑链】

21.(28551-!-item-!-188;#058&003690)

Traces of cultivated emmer wheat have been found among the earliest agricultural remains of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia.The only place where the wild form of emmer wheat has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.Since the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that emmer wheat was first domesticated somewhere in that strip.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

(A) The presentday distribution of another wild wheat, einkorn, which was also domesticated early in the development of agriculture, covers a much larger area of southwest Asia.
(B) Modern experiments show that wild emmer wheat can easily be domesticated so as to yield nearly as well as traditionally domestic strains.
(C) At the time when emmer wheat was first cultivated, it was the most nutritious of all the varieties of grain that were then cultivated.
(D) In the region containing the strip where wild emmer wheat has been found, climatic conditions have changed very little since before the development of agriculture.
(E) It is very difficult, without genetic testing, to differentiate the wild form of emmer wheat from a closely related wild wheat that also grows in southwest Asia.

22.(28829-!-item-!-188;#058&003748)
In the late 1980s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific began to decline.There are two plausible explanations for the decline:predation, possibly by killer whales, or disease.Of these two, disease is the more likely, since a concurrent sharp decline in populations of seals and sea lions is believed to have been caused by disease, and diseases that infect these creatures are likely to be able to infect sea otters also.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?

(A) Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but will, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.
(B) There is no indication that the sea otter population at any North Pacific location declined in the 1980s because of substantial numbers of sea otters migrating to other locations.
(C) Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times.
(D) Following the decline in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters' main food source.
(E) The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.

23.(29107-!-item-!-188;#058&003854)
From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States.The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline.However, although aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling, it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.
Which of the following, if true of the United States in the period 1978 to 1988, most helps to account for the finding?

(A) Glass bottles are significantly heavier than aluminum cans of comparable size.
(B) Recycled aluminum cans were almost all beverage containers, but a significant fraction of the recycled glass bottles had contained products other than beverages.
(C) Manufacturers replaced many glass bottles, but few aluminum cans, with plastic containers.
(D) The total weight of glass bottles purchased by households increased at a slightly faster rate than the total weight of aluminum cans.
(E) In many areas, glass bottles had to be sorted by color of the glass before being recycled, whereas aluminum cans required no sorting.

24.(29155-!-item-!-188;#058&003857)
Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect.However, when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack.Perhaps they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest; but an alternative hypothesis is that while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information, and so quickly go blind and stop.
Which of the following, if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?

(A) When a prey insect is moved directly toward a beetle that has been chasing it, the beetle immediately turns and runs away without its usual intermittent stopping.
(B) In pursuing a moving insect, the beetles usually respond immediately to changes in the insect's direction, and pause equally frequently whether the chase is up or down an incline.
(C) The beetles maintain a fixed time interval between pauses, although when an insect that had been stationary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause.
(D) If, when a beetle pauses, it has not gained on the insect it is pursuing, the beetle generally ends its pursuit.
(E) When an obstacle is suddenly introduced just in front of running beetles, the beetles sometimes stop immediately, but they never respond by running around the barrier.

corneliaflower

逻辑链KEY DACC

精练解释
Question #1. Weaken. June 1999 LSAT, Section #2, #15. The correct answer choice is (B)
This is a nice straightforward question to start the problem set. The conclusion of the argument appears at
the end of the stimulus: human beings “cannot be made happy by anything that does not involve
gratification of these [cognitive] faculties.” To weaken the argument we must show that individuals can be
made happy without gratification of the cognitive faculties. If you do not know the meaning of
“cognitive,” the problem can be challenging. Cognitive means “relating to the mental process of knowing,
including reasoning and judgment.” In other words, cognitive faculties are thinking and analyzing, etc.
Answer choice (A): This answer attempts to attack the first premise, but fails. Although it is fantastic news
that dolphins and chimps can rationally communicate, this fact has no impact on the argument at hand.
Even though they have this communication ability, human cognitive faculties can still be superior.
Answer choice (B): This is the correct answer, and a somewhat risqué one at that. By showing that many
people enjoy the physical more than the cognitive, the answer shows that people can be made happy by
gratification of something other than cognitive faculties. Cognitive faculties, being mental in nature, are of
course distinct from physical pleasures.
Additionally, this answer has the benefit of addressing the phrase in the stimulus regarding awareness of
cognitive faculties: “once humans become aware of these...” In this answer, unlike others, the individuals
are known to be familiar with cognitive faculties. While we believe that recognition of cognitive faculties
is inherent in adults (or some of the named types in other answers, such as serious athletes, who by
definition would have to be teens or adults), this answer is stronger because it explicitly addresses the
issue.
Answer choice (C): A preference for a certain type of music is likely a cognition-driven preference, and
this preference is expressed by an adult who would certainly be aware of cognitive faculties. And, since no
suggestion is made that individuals can be made happy without gratification of the cognitive faculties, this
answer is incorrect.
Answer choice (D): This can be an attractive answer at first, but it depends on the assumption that the
serious athletes are happy due to their athletic endeavors. However, that connection is not explicitly stated,
and it could be that the serious athletes are happy because of some gratification of their cognitive faculties,
in their respective sport or otherwise.
Answer choice (E): This answer is similar to answer choice (D). A gourmet is a connoisseur of food and
drink, and a connoisseur is a person with deep or special knowledge of a subject. In this sense, there
would be a cognitive element to the enjoyment of gourmet food. As such, this answer may serve to slightly
strengthen the argument because it shows that an individual with experience with the non-cognitive still
retains a love of the cognitive.

xeyyxzty

1.background information:Human beings have cognitive faculties that are superior to those of other animalspremise:once humans become aware of these
conclusion:they cannot be made happy by anything that does not involve gratification of these faculties
is there a link between happiness and cognitive faculties?
(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees, for example—appear to be capable of rational communication.
--the premise and conclusion are all about humans--irrelevant
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual stimulation and with physical pleasures enjoy the latter more.
--weaken--right
(C) Someone who never experienced classical music as a child will usually prefer popular music as an adult.
--irrelevant
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider themselves to be happy.
--support--if the athletes are happy because of the love of sports they play~right
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love gourmet food.

--???--slightly strengthen
做对了~可是思路又错了！！！
To weaken the argument we must show that individuals can be made happy without gratification of the cognitive faculties.
Cognitive means “relating to the mental process of knowing, including reasoning and judgment.”
B：Additionally, this answer has the benefit of addressing the phrase in the stimulus regarding awareness of cognitive faculties: “once humans become aware of these...” In this answer, unlike others, the individuals are known to be familiar with cognitive faculties. While we believe that recognition of cognitive faculties is inherent in adults (or some of the named types in other answers, such as serious athletes, who by definition would have to be teens or adults), this answer is stronger because it explicitly addresses the issue.
这道题~还是需要多看几遍呀
2.background information:Traces of cultivated emmer wheat have been found among the earliest agricultural remains of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia.The only place where the wild form of emmer wheat has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.

premise:the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip,
conclusion:emmer wheat was first domesticated somewhere in that strip.
is there a link between the location of the wild form of emmer and the place first domesticated it???
what about other continents?
(A) The present day distribution of another wild wheat, einkorn, which was also domesticated early in the development of agriculture, covers a much larger area of southwest Asia.
--another wild wheat--irrelevant
(B) Modern experiments show that wild emmer wheat can easily be domesticated so as to yield nearly as well as traditionally domestic strains.
--the difficulty --irrelevant
(C) At the time when emmer wheat was first cultivated, it was the most nutritious of all the varieties of grain that were then cultivated.
--the nutrition--irrelevant
(D) In the region containing the strip where wild emmer wheat has been found, climatic conditions have changed very little since before the development of agriculture.
--since before什么意思？--right?排除法
(E) It is very difficult, without genetic testing, to differentiate the wild form of emmer wheat from a closely related wild wheat that also grows in southwest Asia.

--weaken
思路不对~选项不懂

3.background information:In the late 1980s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific began to decline.There are two plausible explanations for the decline: predation, possibly by killer whales, or disease.premise: a concurrent sharp decline in populations of seals and sea lions is believed to have been caused by disease, and diseases that infect these creatures are likely to be able to infect sea otters also.
conclusion:Of these two, disease is the more likely
what about killer whales? it doesn't mention it~~~
"are likely to be able to"~and is the disease fatal to sea otters?

(A) Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but will, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.

--seek sea otters--right
(B) There is no indication that the sea otter population at any North Pacific location declined in the 1980s because of substantial numbers of sea otters migrating to other locations.

--slightly support or irrelevant
(C) Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times.

--it isn't an explanation--irrelevant
(D) Following the decline in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters' main food source.

--it must happened--irrelevant
(E) The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.

--irrelevant
4.background information:From 1978 to 1988, beverage containers accounted for a steadily decreasing percentage of the total weight of household garbage in the United States.The increasingly widespread practice of recycling aluminum and glass was responsible for most of this decline.
premise: aluminum recycling was more widely practiced in this period than glass recycling
conclusion: it was found that the weight of glass bottles in household garbage declined by a greater percentage than the weight of aluminum cans.
the container of glass is heavier than that of aluminum~
(A) Glass bottles are significantly heavier than aluminum cans of comparable size.
--right
(B) Recycled aluminum cans were almost all beverage containers, but a significant fraction of the recycled glass bottles had contained products other than beverages.
--the products are irrelevant--it's only about containers
(C) Manufacturers replaced many glass bottles, but few aluminum cans, with plastic containers.
--?--right
(D) The total weight of glass bottles purchased by households increased at a slightly faster rate than the total weight of aluminum cans.
--a slightly faster rate & a greater percentage--no effect
(E) In many areas, glass bottles had to be sorted by color of the glass before being recycled, whereas aluminum cans required no sorting.
--irrelevant
A缺少条件吧~

5.Which of the following, if discovered in experiments using artificially moved prey insects, would support one of the two hypotheses and undermine the other?

background information:Tiger beetles are such fast runners that they can capture virtually any nonflying insect

premise:Perhaps they cannot maintain their pace and must pause for a moment's rest

           an alternative hypothesis: while running tiger beetles are unable to process the resulting rapidly changing visual information,                                                      and so quickly go blind and stop.

conclusion:when running toward an insect, the beetles intermittently stop, and then, a moment later, resume their attack.

猜不出来~~~

(A) When a prey insect is moved directly toward a beetle that has been chasing it, the beetle immediately turns and runs away without its usual intermittent stopping.

--support neither--no blind and no rest
(B) In pursuing a moving insect, the beetles usually respond immediately to changes in the insect's direction, and pause equally frequently whether the chase is up or down an incline.

--support the first, weaken the second--right
(C) The beetles maintain a fixed time interval between pauses, although when an insect that had been stationary begins to flee, the beetle increases its speed after its next pause.

--pause for a rest and attack-no information about whether it goes blind--right
(D) If, when a beetle pauses, it has not gained on the insect it is pursuing, the beetle generally ends its pursuit.

--irrelevant
(E) When an obstacle is suddenly introduced just in front of running beetles, the beetles sometimes stop immediately, but they never respond by running around the barrier.

--blind, but not support the first one
呃...为什么B错呢？

daisyの小夢想

顶~~!!!!
大家感恩节快乐^^
感谢一路有大家陪伴。

bananazoo

感恩节快乐~

P: human are superior to those of other animals.
C: Once human find this, they will not be satisfied with anything that did by these animals.
G: they will still like these animals, like pets.
  And sth those any has may be superior than human.

(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.只是说明了有些动物不笨，并不能代表人类对他们满意
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.正确，人们更关心的是物理上的乐趣，这是全身心的愉悦么，这种力量大过了智慧力量，不就反驳了人们对动物不满意这句话~
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.无关么？
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.这个只能说明。。。
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.无关了。。。

P：E wheat have found in E & A
P:The wild form of E wheat was only found in a A place,and there is a relatively strip.
C:the oldest cultivated E wheat was found in the same place, E wheat was first domesticated in that strip.
G: only these place find these.
Answer: D

Richardyu

fox0923

顶~~
欢迎花儿加入~~大家都感恩节快乐~话说我刚刚order了两条jeans~~很期待啊

fox0923

精练-----------------20s------------------WeakenP：Human have cognitive faculties superior to animals.
C: Therefore, humans cannot be happy unless these things involve the gratification of these faculties.
Prephrase: Sometimes it's hard to realize these faculties for human.
                 
Analysis:
(A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.
----------------------------------------capable of rational communication cannot explain if human can be happy with or without involvement of gratification of cognitive faculties.
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.
----------------------------------------can be the contender, 因为cognitive faculties is the opposite of physical pleasure, 所以如果是注重后者，那么就说明了人们不需要cognitive faculties也是可以happy的。这样就weaken了。
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.
----------------------------------------感觉好像是在human还没有意识到他们自己有cognitive faculties的时候就已经很happy了。感觉似乎虽然不能直接weaken conclusion，但是可以weaken conclusion造成的原因，即那个premise，但是我记得好像weaken是不应该直接weaken premise的，除非是中间有链接可以，像这种类似于restate premise的内容好像是不能够的。不确定阿~~
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.
------------------------------------------seriousness = cognitive faculties. and this finally causes happiness??? i do not think so.
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.
---------------------------------------irrelevant.






不是B就是C，完了以后答案选B，
C的解释是：A preference for a certain type of music is likely a cognition-driven preference, and this preference is expressed by an adult who would certainly be aware of cognitive faculties. And, since no suggestion is made that individuals can be made happy without gratification of the cognitive faculties, this answer is incorrect.


从这里看，似乎要weaken，就直接weaken conclusion，对premise不要有改动才好。求confirm？？？

Jane412

精练：
time：16''
premise;human have cognitive faculties superior to other animals        
premise:they cannot be happy by anything that doesn't involve gratification of these faculties.


即便不是cognitive方面的事物，人们仍然喜欢


A) Certain animals—dolphins and chimpanzees,
for example—appear to be capable of
rational communication.
----------------------和结论扯不上关系。。。
(B) Many people familiar both with intellectual
stimulation and with physical pleasures
enjoy the latter more.
----------------------correct。physical pleasure应该不是cognitive faculty的范畴，intellectual stimulation应该属于cognitive。但是人们还是喜欢后者，所以就weaken了
(C) Someone who never experienced classical
music as a child will usually prefer popular
music as an adult.
--------------------好像没啥关系吧。。。
(D) Many people who are serious athletes consider
themselves to be happy.
---------------------没关系。。。
(E) Many people who are serious athletes love
gourmet food.
---------------------没关系。。。


实在还是不能理解cr的精神世界，选项里面净是些八竿子把不着的东西，还是只有我这么觉得它们和题目毛关系都没有？实在看不出来某些选项的设计意义是啥。。。。

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++


Cognitive means “relating to the mental process of knowing, including reasoning and judgment.” In other words, cognitive faculties are thinking and analyzing, etc.


C：A preference for a certain type of music is likely a cognition-driven preference, and this preference is expressed by an adult who would certainly be aware of cognitive faculties. And, since no suggestion is made that individuals can be made happy without gratification of the cognitive faculties, this answer is incorrect.
原来对于music的preference是种cognitive faculty。。。真的是理解层面太浅薄了。。。


E： this answer may serve to slightly strengthen the argument because it shows that an individual with experience with the non-cognitive still retains a love of the cognitive.

虽然题目做对了，但对题目和选项并没真正理解
每个选项不是无端设计了。。。之前认识过于简单，所以有多时候做题总有种把握不住的感觉

南瓜0729

占