【每日逻辑练习第二季】【1-4】

penguinsdz

6.08+【1-4】

1. Speaker: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power. This is Davis and Blomstrom’s Iron Law of Responsibility: “In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.” The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history. Though the “long run” may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly. Therefore, a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.
Which one of the following statements, if true, most weakens the speaker’s argument?
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the Iron Law of Responsibility as business institutions.
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to consider an institution socially responsible even when it is not.
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more slowly than the power of others, whether they are socially responsible or not.
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business will eventually fail.
(E) Some businesses that have used power in socially responsible ways have lost it.

Background Information:
Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power.
Premise:
Society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly.
Conclusion:
A business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

Even if a business has acted responsibly, it can’t retain its power.

选项分析：选E



2. Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe. However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market. The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States. If these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States, United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels, since __________.
(A) some United States manufacturers have been substantially increasing their output over the last several years
(B) the efficiency of solar-power generators in converting energy from the Sun into electric power is not improving as fast as it once did
(C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States
(D) European governments are currently undertaking initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within Europe
(E) the current market for solar-power generators in the United States is very limited

Background Information:
United States manufacturers produce most of the world’s solar-power generators.
Premise:
These initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the US.

Conclusion:
United States manufacturers will maintain significant production levels.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

US should fund initiatives to stimulate the use of solar power within US.

选项分析：选C



3. The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second. The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers. Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
Which of the following is an assumption on which this argument depends?
(A) Smokers are less likely than nonsmokers to have diets that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.
(C) People whose diets are deficient in those vitamins and minerals do not typically have other health problems in addition to diminished lung function.
(D) Stopping smoking will not typically improve lung function more than any diet changes can.
(E) Smoking does not introduce into the body chemicals that prevent the helpful vitamins and minerals from entering the bloodstream.

Background Information:
The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person’s lung function.

Premise:
The lung function of smokers is significantly worse than that of nonsmokers.
Conclusion:
One way for smokers to improve their lung function is to increase their intake of foods contain these vitamins and minerals.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：

Whether the helpful vitamins and minerals are prevent from entering the bloodstream.
选项分析：选E



4. Astronomer: Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were. In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size, astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere. These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry. The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
In the astronomer's argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first presents a circumstance for which the astronomer offers an explanation; the second is part of that explanation.
(B) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the conclusion of the argument; the second provides evidence in support of that conclusion.
(D) The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against that conclusion.
(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.

Background Information:
Astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere in order to analyze the size of the fragments.
Premise:
Sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer.
Conclusion:
Some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter’s outer atmosphere without being burned up.

选项分析：选E



5. Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines. It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market. Therefore, until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.
Which of the following would it be most useful to determine in evaluating the argument?
(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted
(B) Whether most uranium is used near where it is mined
(C) Whether there are any technological advances that show promise of reducing the cost of extracting uranium from seawater
(D) Whether the total amount of uranium in seawater is significantly greater than the total amount of uranium on land
(E) Whether uranium can be extracted from freshwater at a cost similar to the cost of extracting it from seawater

Background Information:
Most of the world’s supply of uranium currently comes from mines.
Premise:
The cost of extracting uranium from seawater is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the market.
Conclusion:
The method is unlikely to be commercially viable unless the cost can be reduced.

推测(Prephrase: mentally formulate your answer to the question stem)：
If the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted, the cost is unnecessary.
选项分析：选A

LuckyYolandaLi

补昨天的~~ps:学校这儿无限网络太不给力，网页打开老费劲了！

1
1）计时：85s
2）逻辑链：
Premise: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility
leads to the gradual erosion of power. “In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.” The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history.
Concession: Though the “long run” may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly.
Conclusion: A business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.
3）推测：没想出来。。。
4）选项分析：选C（正确答案B）
A: Irrelevant.
C: Correct.

2
1）计时：59s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe.
Premise: European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market.  The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States and these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States.
Conclusion: United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels
3）推测：The decreased demand for American solar-power generators in Europe will be made up with the increased demand in the US.
4）选项分析：选C

3
1）计时：53s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function.
Premise: The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers.
Conclusion: one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
3）推测：The level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream can be raised by taking in foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
4）选项分析：选E

4
1）计时：110s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size, astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere.  These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry.
Premise: The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur. Sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer
Conclusion: It is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
3）推测：Ⅰpremise; Ⅱconclusion.
4）选项分析：选E

5
1）计时：37s
2）逻辑链：
Background information: Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines.
Premise: It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market.
Conclusion: until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.
3）推测：。。。
4）选项分析：选E（正确答案A）

angelafeng

4.45S

Background information：Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility leads to the gradual erosion of power. This is Davis and Blomstrom’s Iron Law of Responsibility: “In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.” The law’s application to human institutions certainly stands confirmed by history.

Premise： Though the “long run” may require decades or even centuries in some instances, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly.

Conclusion：a business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.

Prephrase: (weaken) sometimes, although the business act responsibly, the public don’t think so.

(A) Government institutions are as subject to the Iron Law of Responsibility as business institutions. -----------the above argument don’t mention government institutions.

(B) Public relations programs can cause society to consider an institution socially responsible even when it is not.------------------correct

(C) The power of some institutions erodes more slowly than the power of others, whether they are socially responsible or not. ----------------------the argument don’t mention any comparison between socially responsible institutions and non-socially responsible institutions.

(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business will eventually fail. ---------------------support the argument

(E) Some businesses that have used power in socially responsible ways have lost it. -------------support the conclusion, the difference between retaining power and wishing to retain power cannot be ignored.


1.46s

Background information: United States manufacturers currently produce most of the world's solar-power generators--most of which are exported to Europe.  However, European manufacturers are emerging and probably will ultimately capture much of the European market.  The United States government is funding initiatives intended to encourage use of solar power within the United States.  

Premise : if these initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the United States,

Conclusion : United States manufacturers will probably maintain significant production levels.

Prephrase: （explain）一旦美国本土市场打开，对太阳能的需求比欧洲更大。

Answer：C



1.31s

The higher the level of certain vitamins and minerals in the bloodstream, the better a person's lung function, as measured by the amount of air the person can expel in one second.  The lung function of smokers is significantly worse, on average, than that of nonsmokers.  Clearly, therefore, one way for smokers to improve their lung function is for them to increase their intake of foods that are rich in these helpful vitamins and minerals.
prephrase：（assumption）假设吸烟不会阻碍营养物质的吸收。

Answer：E



2.56s

Background information：Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter's atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  In hopes of gaining some indication of the fragments' size, astronomers studied spectrographic analyses of Jupiter's outer atmosphere.  These analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur after the fragments' entry.The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but many astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter's outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.

Premise：Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer.

Conclusion：it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
answer:E



4.28S

Background information：Most of the world's supply of uranium currently comes from mines.  

Premise：It is possible to extract uranium from seawater, but the cost of doing so is greater than the price that uranium fetches on the world market.  

Conclusion： until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can somehow be reduced, this method of obtaining uranium is unlikely to be commercially viable.
prephrase：（evaluate）是否在能提取uranium的mines不多了。

Answer：A

呵呵牙

1. 50s
Background Information: Contemporary business firms need to recognize that avoiding social responsibility and use power. In the long run, society considers responsible will tend to lose power if firms do not use it.
Premise: Though the “long run” may require more times, society ultimately acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly.
Conclusion: Business want to retain power as long as it can must act responsibly.
Prephrase: Business can retain power in other way, such as though “long run”.
选E    ————————对比答案分析, 这个选项与conclusion陈述有差别
A (government institutions)——irrelevant
B (public relations program)——irrelevant —————————correct
C (power of institutions) ——irrelevant
D (every business will fail)——irrelevant


2. 37s
Background Information: US manufacturers produce most of the world’s solar-power generators—most of which are exported to Europe, but European manufacturers capture much of the European market. The US government encourages use of solar power within the US
Premise: These initiatives succeed in increasing the demand for solar-power generators in the US.
Conclusion: US will probably maintain significant production level.
Prephrase: European would like use their native things, so the US government want to American just use their own solar-power generators.
选C

3. 39s
Background Information: The higher level vitamins and minerals are better to people’s lung function.
Premise: The lung function of smokers is worse than nonsmokers.
Conclusion: One way for smokers to improve their lung function is to increase their intake vitamins and minerals.
Prephrase: Smokers can continue smoke and at the same time intake more vitamins and minerals.
选E

4. 50s
Premise: sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer
Conclusion: some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter's outer atmosphere without being burned up.
其实这道题最后一句是开头since表示解释,后面一定跟的是结论. 因为段落中没有明显转折,所以第一个黑体句是support的.
选E

5. 32s
Premise: Uranium is possible from seawater, but it cost high price.
Conclusion: Until the cost of extracting uranium from seawater can be reduced, this way is unlikely to be commercially viable.
选A

jiajiajudy

1.
Avoiding social responsibility? lost power
Society reduce power when they think it is not? retain power as long as it can must act responsibly

(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.

2.
BG:US SPG most are expoted to Europe
Europe produce themselves capture E market? US encourage use of spg in US-?matain production levels

C) just as European manufacturers enjoy certain competitive advantages in Europe, so do United States manufacturers in the United States

3.
BG:Higher level of vitamins and minerals means better lung function(air expel per second)
Smoker is worse than nonsmoker? increase intake of foods
(B) The lung function of smokers whose diets are rich in those vitamins and minerals is generally better than that of nonsmokers with comparable diets.

4.
BG:comet broke before entering Jupiter , but don’t know how big these fragments are
Study Jupiter’s outer atmosphere?史无前例 有sulfur after fragments ‘entry ?cloud below outer atmosphere 有sulfur
因为fragments有sulfur 让没有sulfur 的outer atmosphere 有sulfur? fragments 非常大


(E) The first is a judgment advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.

5.
from weasater 成本高于售价? uranium comes from mines? 除非成本降低，否则就不经济
(A) Whether the uranium in deposits on land is rapidly being depleted

cleotina

在写字板写的，悲剧没存
简单总结一下：
1 做错了 读题用了两分钟  还是不明白

4 Boldface 在两个选项间犹豫，最终选错了。写逻辑练得时候太简化。

其他三道读完题准确预测出答案

Donts

1.计时1'21''
premise：the society will act to reduce power when it thinks someone to be not responsible.
conclusion: if a business wanna stay in power, it must act responsibly.
推测：to attack a conditional conclusion, 需要证明act responsibly不是唯一方法to stay in power.
(A) Government institutions are as subject to the
Iron Law of Responsibility as business
institutions.关GI什么事呢，没有attack到conditional conclusion.
(B) Public relations programs can cause society to
consider an institution socially responsible
even when it is not.
(C) The power of some institutions erodes more
slowly than the power of others, whether they
are socially responsible or not.erode的快慢与破解act responsibly无关
(D) Since no institution is eternal, every business
will eventually fail. attack了if
(E) Some businesses that have used power in
socially responsible ways have lost it.
选择B
没有时间重复看逻辑链里的prep了TAT，都是做过的题目，都有印象，影响练习，都作精炼题直到逻辑链都是不认识的。
很开心做了carpet的题目对attack conditional conclusion有了印象，并且运用起来还做对了，但是读题速度很让我泪奔。
问题：conditional conclusion是不是都去attack then呢？plan-goal的题目都是去attack plan吗？

showysimple

7.19+[1-4]

1.
[Premise] avoiding social responsibility --> gradual erosion of power; society ultimately
acts to reduce power when society thinks it is not being used responsibly
[Conclusion] business that wishes to retain its power as long as it can must act responsibly.
[Keyword] 缺乏社会责任但不失power
[Pre-phrase] 公众不认为该公司缺乏社会责任
A - non-relevant
B - right answer
C - non-relevant
D - out of scope
E -

2.
[Premise]
- U.S. most of SP generators are exported to Europe market where local manufacturers are predominant;
- U.S. manufacturers product most of the SP generators;
- U.S. gov. encourage local demand
[Conclusion] U.S. manufacturers will prob. maintain significant production levels

A - 'output in the past' is irrelevant
B - 'efficiency of generator' is irrelevant
C - right answer (美国市场扩大后，美国制造商未必是赢家，除非受本国的竞争保护，像欧洲市场那样。）
D - 结论涉及的是'U.S. market', not 'Euro market'
E - irrelevant

3.
[Premise] 血液含维他命和矿物成分越高，肺功能越好。吸烟者肺功能不好。
[Conclusion] 吸烟者多吃富含维他命和矿物成份的食物有利于提高肺功能。

A - wrong。“吸烟者很少吃富含维他命和矿物成份的食物”与结论相悖
B - ？
C - irrelevant
D - 不直接。“戒烟不比改善饮食对肺功能起效”不代表就应该选择“改善饮食”
E - right answer

TICKCOCK

1、Background: Iron Law of Responsibility states that in the long run, company who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it.
Premise: though “long run” means a long period. The society would reduce the power only when it found careless manner.
Conclude: the corporation should always behave in a manner way.
Prephase: behave bad occasionally may be OK
Answer: B

2、US manufacturer produce most of solar-power generator. And most of generator are exported to Europe. However, the EU country company would compete with US manufacturer about EU market soon.
Conclusion: one funding initiatives for US solar power within US would work for US manufacturer about maintaining the present production level since^^^
Answer E(C)

3、background: smoker’s lung function is worse than that of nonsmoker on average.
Premise: the more vitamin and mineral in the bloodstream, the better the lung function is, measured as the amount of air the person can expel in a second.
Conclusion: it is beneficial for nonsmoker to intake food full of vitamin and mineral.
Answer: E

4. astronaut learn the spectrographic analyses of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere to know the size of fragment. Surprisingly find trace of sulfur.
Since sulfur exist in cloud layer rather than fragments. The fragments would have speeded into atmosphere. It shows the big size of commet.
Answer: E

5: most of uranium currently come from mine. Extract Uranium from sea is expensive.
Premise: only if the cost of extract uranium from seawater could be reduced.
Conclusion: the method that get uranium from sea is valuable.
Answer: A

wanggang0411

1 40
Conclusion: If a business wishes to retain its power, it must act responsibly.
Sufficient: retrain power
Necessary: act responsibly
Inference: Weaken the necessary to testify that the necessary condition may not occur for the required sufficient condition.
2 42
Premise: most SG of US exported to European market.
Premise: European SG manufactures are emerging in European market.
Premise: US government will initiative US domestic market to maintain the production of US’s manufacture.
Conclusion: The production level will maintain significantly since_
Inference: A. the products of European manufacture rarely exports to US.
B. US’s customers are only interesting on domestic product.
3 30
Premise: V and M are good for person’s lung.
Premise Smoker’s lung is less functional than that of Non-smoker.
Conclusion: a way to improve the function of smoker’s lung is to increase their V and M ingestion.
Assumption: Smoking doesn’t impact the intake of V and M.

4 1:04
For this question:
I think the last sentence is the conclusion of the argument.
And the first sentence is a premise of the argument to help deduce the conclusion.
The sentence between first one and second one is this reasoning.

5 19
Premise: one way to get URN is from mines;
Premise: another way to get URN is from seawater;
Premise: Price of URN from seawater is greater than that from mines;
Conclusion: Until the cost to extract URN from seawater reduced, this method is not commercial viable.
Answer A: if the deposits in earth will be depleted, then the method of seawater will be viable.
Reversely, the method will not be viable.