探讨：GWD-9-5

草稿纸

IMO E

自治就是指的这些force在尽可能多的Zone分别自治，然后把产品送回parent community, 这些自治zone beyond parent community.

karateguy

agree LS

雨潇

选E啦，为啥大家纠结于beyond呢，beyone又没有排除homeland本身的作用，文章中While most of the Incas were self-sufficient agriculturists, the inhabitants of the highland ……were constrained by ……，这明显就是个对比关系，排除了高地人民自给自足的可能性，不然用constrained干什么？

wtylys

Q4 to Q7:
By the sixteenth century, the Incas of South America ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from what is now Ecuador to central Chile.
南美印加的控制范围。
While most of the Incas were self-sufficient agriculturists, the inhabitants of the highland basins above 9,000 feet were constrained by the kinds of crops they could cultivate.
有部分高地居民受粮食品种所限。
Whereas 95 percent of the principal Andean food crops can be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only 20 percent reproduce readily above 9,000 feet.
在约3000米以上，粮食品种确实有限。
Given this unequal resource distribution, highland Incas needed access to the products of lower, warmer climatic zones in order to enlarge the variety and quantity of their foodstuffs.
因此，高地印加人需要借助地处温暖区域的农产品。
In most of the pre-industrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control.
大多工业前社会通过长途贸易网络来解决资源不均问题，而这种方法中，终端消费者难以发挥控制作用。
Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible.
尽管高地印加人有上述网络，他们主要尽量依靠在许多生态区域的自我生产。
The commodities produced in these zones were extracted, processed, and transported entirely by members of a single group.
这些区域中的农产品生产环节完全依赖同一组人。
This strategy of direct access to a maximum number of ecological zones by a single group is called vertical economy.
这种方法叫“垂直经济”。
Even today, one can see Andean communities maintaining use rights simultaneously to pasturelands above 12,000 feet, to potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet, and to plots of warm-land crops in regions below 6,000 feet.
甚至，这种模式至今仍存。
This strategy has two principal variations.
这种“垂直经济”有两个主要分支。
The first is “compressed verticality,” in which a single village resides in a location that permits easy access to closely located ecological zones.
第一种是“紧凑型”，其中，居民可方便来往居住地和各生态区域之间。
Different crop zones or pasturelands are located within a few days walk of the parent community.
不同区域间与本部只有几天路程。
Community members may reside temporarily in one of the lower zones to manage the extraction of products unavailable in the homeland.
居民可以临时居住在较低区域进行收割。
In the second variation, called the “vertical archipelago,” the village exploits resources in widely dispersed locations, constituting a series of independent production “islands.”
第二种是“孤岛型”，区域分布广泛、独立。
In certain pre-Columbian Inca societies, groups were sent from the home territory to establish permanent satellite communities or colonies in distant tropical forests or coastal locations.
需派出常驻卫星社区。
There the colonists grew crops and extracted products for their own use and for transshipment back to their high-altitude compatriots.
卫星社区生产粮食并供应高低同伴。
In contrast to the compressed verticality system, in this system, commodities rather than people circulated through the archipelago.
这时，就是商品流通，而非人员流动了。
Q5:
According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?
A. Following self-sufficient agricultural practices.
B. Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins
C. Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks
D. Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands
E. Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities
E是最好答案. 原文中Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecologicalzones as possible.这句即表明Establishing production forces in ecological zones的内容。而且Different crop zones or pasturelands are located within a few days walk of the parent community.则表明这些区域不在本部内，表明beyond是有依据的。所以选E。
A选项错：While most of the Incas were self-sufficient agriculturists，这种强对比可以反映高地印加人并非self-sufficient agriculturists. 这说明，高地印加人在多个区域分工劳动，这本身就不叫self-sufficient agricultural practices. Autonomous production forces与self-sufficient agricultural practices不是一回事，前者指本区域外部的自主生产，与其他区域有交换和流通；后者是指本区域内部的自给自足，没有或少有与其他区域的交换或流通。虽然高地印加人强调独立自主，但并不是简单的自给自足。
B选项错：highland basins高地盆地只是众多区域之一，以偏概全。同时，高地印加人确实不是通过Increasing commodity production来解决问题的。
C选项错：依靠贸易网，与文章内容直接冲突。
D选项错：建立卫星社区只是方法二，偏。同时，也不是在整个高地上建立，而是从海岸到低地等多区域建立卫星区域。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-14 0:46:07编辑过]

-- by 会员 wangyu73cn (2005/1/14 0:44:00)

灰常强大。。

viking00x

看了12页的长贴，说一下拙见：
5题选A，几点理由：
1 本题的关键是同义词转换，autonomous = self-sufficient，很多XDJM可能说这两个词还是差挺多得，怎么推出他们是一致的。这里有一个很重要的词被大家忽略了，就是maintenance，longman的解释是：the act of making a state or situation continue。根据原文，这里的这种状态就是上面所说的大多数I用的self-sufficient，也即autonomous的方式。
2 根据文章的组织结构，2段是两种具体的方式，1段是generally speaking，所以主题句从1段中找（因为是according to the passage题）。1段先说了大多数I都是self-sufficient，然后介绍了A的I在这方面有困难。然后说一般来说不能self-sufficient就要trade，但是A的方式比较特别，不是trade，然后是主题句：they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible，他们仍然是self-sufficient--通过as many ecological zones as possible的方式。所以总的来说A的方式是没有变得。
3 E就算是对的也是2段中的分论点。GMAT很重要的考察项目就是能否区分分论点与主论点，所以这是个干扰项。同时A考察的是能否理解autonomous和maintenance等词的转换意思，符合出题特点。
拙见，欢迎拍砖。

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-11-15 17:58:25编辑过]

-- by 会员 spyder1011 (2007/11/15 17:57:00)

恩 我也支持A选项 我觉得E选项其实和D选项是同一类的，只是说明了两种方法中的其中一种，而这道题应该答案是更为概括性的结论，而且题目resolved the problem ofunequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways与they relied primarilyon the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zonesas possible是完全对等的，并且autonomous 就是self-sufficient的同义替换

刘奔

大家要读懂后面的句子啊~~~ 请看第一段最后一句:

Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as     ecological zones     as possible. The commodities produced in these zones were extracted, processed, and      transported      entirely by members of a single group.

意思是在parent communities之外建立ecological zones 啊. 注意后面有 transported. 文章说的不清楚,但是还是可以看出来的.

AMBER513

看一下！