SDCAR2010【逻辑入门】（四）Role (Boldface)

wildmantomba

You are right. Both questions have the same argument structure. I tend to think that neither was an authentic GMAT question. So treat my analysis with a grain of salt.

-- by 会员 sdcar2010 (2011/12/31 1:29:51)

thanks for your reply.
your guidelines and posts are really helpful.

泾渭不凡

thx a lot~ sdcar~

Fanfan cannot really understand these sentences perfectly.

"Then look for the answer that most accurately describes what you just described:

1. Focus on the active clause of each answer to help yourself move through the answers faster.
2. The correct answer must describe exactly what is happening in the passage. Make sure every word of that answer correlates with some part of the passage. In other words, translate the abstract terms into concrete terms from the passage. If the statement is the argument’s main conclusion, for example, but the argument also has an intermediate conclusion, then the answer that the statement “is the author’s only conclusion” would be wrong; it is not the only conclusion, even though it is the main conclusion."

~~~Fanfan will make it by herself !!~~~

nobody910

Dear SDCAR, could you help me figure out the difference between answer B and C?... I chose B, while the answer you gave is C.

Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today's commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway.
Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a principle that the argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that can be drawn from the first.
(B) The first is a fact that argument relies on and the second is a conclusion that must be drawn from this argument.
(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that supports that main position; the second is that conclusion.
(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion, the second is that conclusion.
(E) The first is a principle that is necessary for this argument, the second is a conclusion that could be drawn from this argument.


And this one,  you went with the answer E, why not choose B?

6. Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue. Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases. Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is in support of this argument.
(B) The first is the background that the argument includes; the second is the part of evidence in support of this argument.
(C) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the consideration that is in support of the first.
(D) The first is the premise that supports the evidence; the second is that evidence.
(E) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is complementary to other evidence.

Thank you very much!

sdcar2010

Boldface第8题 The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument.

The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines (Premise 1).  Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials (Premise 2). As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials (Intermediate Conclusion). So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age (Main Conclusion).

Therefore, B) is correct.

sdcar2010

Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.
B. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.
C. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.
D. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.
E. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques (Background). It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics (Premise 1). Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false (Opposing Oppinion). A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however (Main conclusion). Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented(Premise 2).

According to the above analysis, D) is the correct answer.

qingzi501

请问first-premise和second-premise是什么含义，他们和evidence的区别是什么呢？

cherryxq

顶一个！

miffyhui

6. Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue. [premise]Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases, and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases. [premise]Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus. [conclusion]The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is in support of this argument.
(B) The first is the background that the argument includes; the second is the part of evidence in support of this argument.
(C) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the consideration that is in support of the first.
(D) The first is the premise that supports the evidence; the second is that evidence.
(E) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is complementary to other evidence.

dear sdcar
could you explain the choice E?I choose it.

sdcar2010

6. Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue (Premise 1). Botanists have discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants from exhibiting the leaf diseases (evidence), and zinc is the cause and not merely an effect of the leaf diseases (Intermediate Conclusion/Premise 2). Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus (Major Conclusion).

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is in support of this argument.
(B) The first is the background that the argument includes; the second is the part of evidence in support of this argument.
(C) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the consideration that is in support of the first.
(D) The first is the premise that supports the evidence; the second is that evidence.
(E) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is the second-premise that is complementary to other evidence.

sdcar2010

请问first-premise和second-premise是什么含义，他们和evidence的区别是什么呢？

-- by 会员 qingzi501 (2012/3/19 19:32:43)

Premise is a proposition or statement.  It acts as the basis for an argument and it helps the ensuing conclusion to be drawn.

Evidence is not a statement.  It is something that supports the premise or intermediate conclusion of the argument or something that validates a premise.  It is a fact on which the argument relies on.  Usually it starts with words such as: it is discovered that, research has shown that.  

Background is the information which is necessary to understand the topic of the argument or something helpful in explaining the reasoning which will be given later.  It is not a statement, but general information, not specific facts.