prep2008 -sc 语法笔记勘误、查漏专贴

aeoluseros

SC1中，219（GWD-12-Q20）的B选项，个人认为解释表达的不是那么容易理解。

Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.
A.    Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established
B.    The act of Congress, which was approved April 24, 1800, making provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established

B.    that引导的限定性定语从句改为了which引导的非限定性定语从句，使得国会立法案就只有1800年颁布的那一个，违背常识
这道题不能被改为which引导的非限定性定语从句，是因为，需要限定，谈论的立法案，是特指搬迁首都的那个，因此必须用that引导的非限制性定语从句。应该是这么理解吧？B的感觉，怎么是改成which之后，反而只有“那一个”了呢?

不知道是我没有理解对还是怎么样...请LZ讨论，谢谢。
PS，http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-582825-1-1.html?postid=15259768&searchmode=TopicContent&searchtext=Approved%20April%2024 这个同学好像和我有一样的困惑...

-- by 会员 ffen (2011/9/22 17:38:17)

确实，当时我一下没想到好表达，momo

aeoluseros

173. 中 D选项的解释
the beginning of the universe was 应该是
the beginning of the universe to have been

-- by 会员 ddbxyrj (2011/10/18 10:32:00)

nice

aeoluseros

PP1 172题

A contract 不是什么life insurance的同位语
Life insurance remained a contract 是主系表结构，a contract 为表语

-- by 会员 HarrisZheng (2011/11/29 0:22:19)

看得细致！谢谢！

aeoluseros

prep 08, p72, 220题
个人认为语法笔记上关于时态的解释不好。我把在这个讨论贴里的发过来：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-645735-1-1.html

“B. after it had fallen时态上没有问题，可以与over the last two years搭配，但是不如after falling简洁” _from语法笔记

这个解释不准确。把B选项代入原句
The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits,
B.      which had increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it had fallen
那么整个句子的时态就是：一般现在时，过去完成时，过去完成时
发现问题了么？就是时态间存在gap——跳跃了过去时。Manhattan那本书里面说过在一个句子里面时态不能有"gap" （p111),比如不能：
The scientist BELIEVED that the machine WILL BE wonderful.
所以B选项时态就是错的。改成which increased ... after it had fallen就对，也表明了时间顺序的逻辑关系，也可以是which have increased ... after it fell。这两者之间我更倾向于后者（前者也不能说错吧），原因是从逻辑上理解，
The results ... are evident in its profits, which
主句are一般现在时，用现在完成时能够很好的表达“过去的事情对现在产生影响”这个逻辑含义，所以更preferred。

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/16 2:20:35)

嗯，奇怪当初怎么想的，可能没注意B里面用了had inreased，确实应该用which have increased. 谢谢babybear提供理论出处！
对于after it fell还是after it had fallen，个人倾向于用后者过去完成时，让have increased的开始时间点更为明确，更为衔接。

aeoluseros

另外这道题A选项的解释：
“Increased和have increased都可以，只是表达的意义不同，如果这句话写于今年3月底，那么就用haveincreased，要是写于4月及以后就用increased(此处与OG12的解释略有不同)” _from语法笔记

我不同意这个解释。我觉得总的来说，increased和have increased都可以，不管这句话写于什么时候，至少这句话肯定写于事件（profits increased five percent during the first three monthsof this year）发生之后。根据Manhattan SC，过去完成时含义，二选一：过去事件仍然持续，或者过去事件虽结束但对现在产生影响。



我建议如下解释：

increased和have increased都可以。
如果单纯表示过去事件，用一般过去时；如果是过去发生的事件持续到现在，或者强调过去事件对现在产生影响，就用现在完成时。
另外，"Do not use the perfect tenses when the simple tenses will do.  The GMAT prefers simplicity. " (Manhattan SC Page 110) 即如果要用现在完成时，必须是逻辑上需要的时候！这里，我们可以用现在完成时，来强调过去事件(profit increase)对现在("The results ... are evident")产生影响。

prep 08, p72, 220题
个人认为语法笔记上关于时态的解释不好。我把在这个讨论贴里的发过来：
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-645735-1-1.html

“B. after it had fallen时态上没有问题，可以与over the last two years搭配，但是不如after falling简洁” _from语法笔记

这个解释不准确。把B选项代入原句
The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits,
B.      which had increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it had fallen
那么整个句子的时态就是：一般现在时，过去完成时，过去完成时
发现问题了么？就是时态间存在gap——跳跃了过去时。Manhattan那本书里面说过在一个句子里面时态不能有"gap" （p111),比如不能：
The scientist BELIEVED that the machine WILL BE wonderful.
所以B选项时态就是错的。改成which increased ... after it had fallen就对，也表明了时间顺序的逻辑关系，也可以是which have increased ... after it fell。这两者之间我更倾向于后者（前者也不能说错吧），原因是从逻辑上理解，
The results ... are evident in its profits, which
主句are一般现在时，用现在完成时能够很好的表达“过去的事情对现在产生影响”这个逻辑含义，所以更preferred。

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/16 2:20:35)

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/16 2:34:17)

完全同意。我的想法是：有时候在同一个句子里两种时态都可以用，只是表达出来的含义不同，因此不要认为“正确答案用了完成时，那么语法上就一定不能用过去时”，或许只是逻辑上不能用过去时（比如原作者想强调持续到现在或强调对现在依然产生影响）。

aeoluseros

关于这道题，语法笔记给的补充说明部分，我有些异议，请斑竹鉴定，谢谢~

166.      (27466-!-item-!-188;#058&002355)
Theperiod when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamirawere occupied by Upper Paleolithic peoples has been established by carbondating, but what is much more difficult to determine are the use to whichprimitive peoples put the caves, the reason for their decoration, and themeaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
A. hasbeen established by carbon dating, but what is much more difficult to determineare
B. havebeen established by carbon dating, but what is much more difficult to determineare
C. havebeen established by carbon dating, but that which is much more difficult to determineis
D. hasbeen established by carbon dating, but what is much more difficult to determineis
E. areestablished by carbon dating, but that which is much more difficult todetermine is
语法笔记说：

------------------------------------------------------------------

主谓一致：
1.       what引导的名词性从句中从句谓语动词的单复数情况：
 what后面“什么时候用单数,什么时候用复数”根据动词后面的名词的单复数来定.
2.       what引导的名词性从句做主语时，主句谓语动词的单复数情况：
(1)What在从句中做主语，主句谓语由what从句的谓语决定。
            1) Whatis difficult to understand is A.；What are difficult to understand are A and B.
(2)what在从句中做宾语，主句谓语由主句表语/宾语决定whatthey want are XX,XX&XX。
2) What his fatherleft him are a few English books.
------------------------------------------



我觉得，这个补充说明似乎有错.......（当然，对这道题答案本身没有异议）
根据
1. Manhattan SC那本书p.42     "what ....." 这个结构叫做subject phrase/clause，整体作为一个subject，是永远单数的，跟这个clause”内部结构“没关系

2. Manhattan GMAT论坛上Ron的发言（见本贴最后），两个要点：
        a) 在"X  is/are Y"这种结构中，谓语遵从X，而不是Y

        b) 当且仅当is/are前面部分不存在legistimate subject的时候，才跟从后面的Y来决定谓语动词单复数

综合以上两点，”what引导的名词性从句”是一个legitimate subject，且是singular subject，那么谓语动词一律用单数，和这个”what引导的名词性从句”的内部结构无关。
基于此我认为，以上摘录的笔记中的解释有问题，给出的这两个例句也有问题：
What are difficult to understand are A and B.
What his fatherleft him are a few English books
第2个句子的are肯定该用is.
第1个句子，似乎第2个are应该改称is?? 我也不太确定....

至于笔记中的“类似题链接”，我觉得给的解说也不合理。这题从整体上看，主语是单数"the work"（而不是what引导的名词从句），所以B选项的describes没有问题的。这题关键是在于what引导的名词从句的内部，"are"和"tiles"匹配；且逻辑含义上看需要用"turned out to ..."

总之我觉得，这道题作为“类似题链接”放在这里，不能诠释what引导的名词从句作为主语的agreement的问题。

呼唤NN鉴定



Reference：

以下from Ron@Manhattan GMAT

http://www.manhattangmat.com/forums/painted-caves-at-lascaux-and-altamira-t7994-15.html



in a sentence that has the construction "X is Y" -- if both X and Y are nouns/noun phrases/noun clauses -- the subject is X.
always.
therefore, the following two sentences are both correct:
the last three questions were the hardest part of the test.
the hardest part of the test was the last three questions.
in each of these constructions, the subject is before the verb.

the only time when you have a reverse construction (subject after verb) is when nothing in front of the verb is eligible to be the subject.
example:
on the table are two cell phones.
here, “on the table” cannot be a subject (prepositional phrases are not allowed to be subjects), so this sentence is forced to have a reverse construction.

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/1/27 14:29:54)

对，笔记上摘录的那段其实是日常语法里的内容，例句也是根据日常语法改遍。GMAT里面所有出现过的句子都遵循“what引导的名词性从句做主语时，主句谓语动词用单数一定是正确的”。但是需要防止以后GMAT语法对日常语法越来越包容的可能，所以把该日常语法放在上面。不过关于Ron的那段话，或许Ron并没有考虑到what从句的特殊性。

aeoluseros

238. (GWD-4-4)

几个永远错误的形式：
(1)produce double； a doubling of;   produce a doubling

——以上摘自08语法笔记

我认为，"a doubling of" "produce a doubling" 都可能对，不能说得这么绝对
可以说：
"a doubling of X" 或者 "..., doubling X"
这里面X不能是具体名词，例如apples, students
而应该类似这样的词汇：number, amount, quantity, speed, frequency, rate (of), rates (for), price, concentration, ...    

原讨论链接
http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_SC/thread-644021-2-1.html

如有不当请bm指正，谢谢~

-- by 会员 babybearmm (2012/2/1 9:39:03)

太赞了~babybearmm心思细腻~~已更新入笔记，并加入babybear署名，望成全

单调唱

209. (T-3-Q7)选项解释C中说：the numbers错误(MANHATTAN SC上提到：Never select an answer choice containing the phrase THE
NUMBERS OF)；
然后补充说明又有一句话：
The number of students who participated the interview was 100.
Today’s case brings the number of successful prosecutions in the region to thirty-four.
这里有个疑问有待考证：是否可以从例子派生出The numbers of girl and boy students are
respectively 30 and 70? 如果可以，则规则为：the number(s) of + n.(总是复数) + v.(单数或者复
数-取决于number 的形式)]。

这个前后矛盾了，按照C选项中Manhattan的解释，从上面的例子就不能派生出The numbers of girl and boy students are
respectively 30 and 70。

我再细看下这个点~

jay871750293

最近刚开始看08笔记，先大赞一下~~~

然后提一个小疑惑：

207. (T-4-Q30)
Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.
A.    the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,
B.    the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,
C.    the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabled them to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,
D.    the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,          
E.    the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortness allowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries

解释说B选项说with结构是夹心修饰，但是with之后又for their short flights，说明with结构修饰的是复数名词，那么只能是前面的the shuttle and earlier spacecraft而不会a permanently orbiting space station 呀？
我觉着with不是夹心修饰，B的问题只是enough和sufficient的重复

不知是否是自己想错了，谢谢斑斑解惑哦~~

jay871750293

251.(GWD-1-Q29)Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.

A.Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States
presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
B.Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States
presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.
C.Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates.

D.A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States
presidential election.(B)
E.A new study of the 2000 United States
presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.

考点：3. estimate的固定用法：

estimate (that)（不需加原V）

estimate + N + to be N(adj)(prep 2-51)

estimate + N + at + 价格等数量词（估价）（除此概念以外优先用estimated to be表达）

看了曼哈顿，把“estimate + N + at + 价格等数量词（估价）”这种用法归为错误，感觉有点矛盾...
曼哈顿原文：
RIGHT: She ESTIMATES the cost TO BE ten dollars.
          The cost IS ESTIMATED TO BE ten dollars.
WRONG: She ESTIMATES the cost AT ten dollars.