求印第安部落水权（OG12-P12）的全文翻译

winow

拜谢！！

jenny0827

正好复习到这篇~

在W(1908)条约中，最高法院认定，根据建立FB印第安居留地的条约，FB印第安居留地附近水域的使用权归小印们所有。虽然条约没有提到水权，但是法院判定，联邦政府创建居留地的时候为了与小印们公平交易，所以把水权给他们，否则他们的居留地就没用鸟。根据W，其后的决议规定，法院可找到联邦法律在以下情况出于特殊目的保留水权，当（1）有争议的土地在联邦管辖区域的特区内（2）土地已正式从联邦公共土地脱离-即根据联邦土地使用条例，从可作私人用途的联邦储备用地脱离-并单独保留（3）情况表明，建立居留地时政府故意保留水权和土地。

基于美国获得主权前小印们对水域的改道和他们对某些水源的使用，一些小印们也通过法院建立了水权。例如，RG ps在1984年美国获得新墨西哥主权时就已存在。虽然那时那时ps已成为美国的一部分，但是ps土地从来就没有正式成为联邦公共土地的一部分；在任何情况下，没有任何法律法规或行政命令曾经指定ps为印第安居留地，或者把ps从美国印第安居留地的公共土地中脱离出去。然而这个事实并没有阻止W的实施。美国印第安居留地的构成是由个案的实践来确定的，而不是由法律来定义的，ps一向被美国认定为居留地。这种实用的方法得到了AC(1963)法案的进一步支持。在这个法案中，最高法院指出，不管居留地是用什么方式确立的，这都不影响W对它的实施。因此，从1848年起小印对ps的水权优先于其他公民，这一年ps也被认定成为居留地。

出题者不是人呀不是人！！！

jenny0827

今天全耗在这篇上了，总算找到了权威解释，再看看自己的翻译，哎~境界啊

http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_RC/thread-112605-1-1.html?SearchText=印第安水权

edwardelric

In Winters v. United States                在W与美国打官司(1908)的案件中，最高法
(1908), the Supreme Court held            院认为，根据领地建立的条约，美国印第安
that the right to use waters flow-            人享有使用流过或邻近FB印第安保留地的
Line ing through or adjacent to the          水的权利。
(5) Fort Berthold Indian Reservation
was reserved to American Indians
by the treaty establishing the reservation.
Although this treaty did                    虽然条约并未提及用水权，法院裁定，联邦
not mention water rights, the Court          政府在建立保留地时，希望公正对待印第安
(10) ruled that the federal government,       人，为其保留土地赖以生存的水。
when it created the reservation,
intended to deal fairly with
American Indians by preserving
for them the waters without which
(15) their lands would have been use-
less. Later decisions, citing                W引证，随后的决定确认了法院在以下三个
Winters, established that courts            条件时，可出于特殊目的得到保留水的联邦
can find federal rights to reserve             权力。
water for particular purposes if
(20) (1) the land in question lies within      1)有疑问的土地被专属联邦权限的领土包围；
an enclave under exclusive federal
jurisdiction, (2) the land has been           2)土地正式从联邦公共土地中收回-如根据联
formally withdrawn from federal             邦土地使用法律，从可用的联邦私人用途土
public lands — i.e., withdrawn from          地库存收回的-并作保留的；
(25) the stock of federal lands available
for private use under federal
land use laws — and set aside or
reserved, and (3) the circumstances         3)情况反映了政府建立保留地时希望保存水
reveal the government                     和地。
(30) intended to reserve water as well
as land when establishing the
reservation.水权法案及其适用情况
Some American Indian tribes                一些美国印第安部落根据他们在美国成立
have also established water rights             前传统引水及对一定水域的使用，通过法
(35) through the courts based on their         院获得了用水权。
traditional diversion and use of
certain waters prior to the United
States’ acquisition of sovereignty.不适用于第一、二条
For example, the Rio Grande                例如，当美国在1848年取得新墨西哥主权
(40) pueblos already existed when the        时，格兰德河的印第安人村庄已经存在。
United States acquired sovereignty
over New Mexico in 1848. Although           虽然他们在那时成为美国一部分，村庄的
they at that time became part of the          土地从未正式构成联邦公共土地的一部分；
United States, the pueblo lands
(45) never formally constituted a part
of federal public lands; in any                 在任何事件中，没有条约、法令或执行命
event, no treaty, statute, or executive           令曾指定或把村庄作为保留地从公共土地
order has ever designated                      中收回。
or withdrawn the pueblos from
(50) public lands as American Indian
reservations. This fact, however,               然而这个事实没有妨碍W原则的应用。
has not barred application
of the Winters doctrine. What                  什么构成保留地只是实践问题，不是法
constitutes an American Indian                  律定义，印第安村庄一直被美国视为保
(55) reservation is a question of                 留地。
practice, not of legal definition,
and the pueblos have always
been treated as reservations by
the United States. This pragmatic                这种实事求是的手法得到AC案的支
(60) approach is buttressed by Arizona           持，该案中，最高法院指出，所有保
v. California (1963), wherein the                  留地产生的方式并不影响W原则的
Supreme Court indicated that the                 执行。
manner in which any type of federal
reservation is created does not
(65) affect the application to it of the
Winters doctrine. Therefore, the               因此，村庄印第安人从1848年起优于
reserved water rights of Pueblo                 其他公民享有用水权，这年里，村庄必
Indians have priority over other                  以保留地来看待。
citizens’ water rights as of 1848,
(70) the year in which pueblos must
be considered to have become
reservations. 另一种保留水权的办法RG
特别套路
逻辑简图：
1P: (1908)in Winters, supreme court held that the right was reserved by treaty… Later decisions find …1), 2), 3)….
2P: some Indian tribes also established water rights… For example, RGP…. However, has not barred application of Winters. This pragmatic approach is buttressed by AVC…. Therefore, rights of P have priority over other citizen’s rights….
第一段：1908年，在某个例案中，高级法院根据一项关于建立印第安人保留区的treaty,规定联邦政府必须保证保留区内印第安人的水权。之后，又作出了详细的规定，规定在以下三种情况下联邦政府可行使该项权利：1、...2、...3、...
第二段：RG这样一个印第安地区，虽然不符合以上1、2两种情况（情况3没有讨论），但事实上也遵循了winter doctrine. 因为，尽管没有正式的文件，但RG一直都被联邦政府视为保留区....最后，还有一个1963年的法律规定联邦政府设立保留区的方式并不影响到这种保留区遵循winter doctrine，因此，最终确定了RG的水权。
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GWD-10-Q25:
The author cites the fact that the Rio Grande pueblos were never formally withdrawn
from public lands primarily in order to do which of the following?
A. Suggest why it might have been argued that the Winters doctrine ought not to apply to pueblo lands
This fact, however, has not barred application of the Winters doctrine.
Line59-72
B. Imply that the United States never really acquired sovereignty over pueblo lands
C. Argue that the pueblo lands ought still to be considered part of federal public
lands
D. Support the argument that the water rights of citizens other than American Indians
are limited by the Winters doctrine无关
E. Suggest that federal courts cannot claim jurisdiction over cases disputing the
traditional diversion and use of water by Pueblo Indians不知道在说什么
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GWD-10-Q26:
The passage suggests that, if the criteria discussed in lines 16 – 32 were the only criteria for establishing a reservation’s water rights, which of the following would be true?
A. The water rights of the inhabitants of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation would
not take precedence over those of other citizens.反
B. Reservations established before 1848 would be judged to have no water rights.
C. There would be no legal basis for the water rights of the Rio Grande pueblos.
Later decisions, citing Winters, established that courts can find federal rights to reserve water for particular purposes if (1) the land in question lies within an enclave under exclusive federal jurisdiction, (2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands — i.e., withdrawn from the stock of federal lands available for private use under federal land use laws — and set aside or reserved, and (3) the circumstances reveal the government intended to reserve water as well as land when establishing the reservation.
D. Reservations other than American Indian reservations could not be created with
reserved water rights.
E. Treaties establishing reservations would have to mention water rights explicitly in
order to reserve water for a particular purpose.无关
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GWD-10-Q27:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of the treaty establishing the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation?
A. It was challenged in the Supreme Court a number of times.
B. It was rescinded by the federal government, an action that gave rise to the Winters
case.
C. It cited American Indians’ traditional use of the land’s resources.
D. It failed to mention water rights to be enjoyed by the reservation’s inhabitants.
E. It was modified by the Supreme Court in Arizona v. California.
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GWD-10-Q28:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. trace the development of laws establishing American Indian reservations
B. explain the legal bases for the water rights of American Indian tribes
C. question the legal criteria often used to determine the water rights of American
Indian tribes
D. discuss evidence establishing the earliest date at which the federal government
recognized the water rights of American Indians
E. point out a legal distinction between different types of American Indian
reservations

winow

好人！！！ 先顶个再看

ctmd

终于想明白了 拜谢

angelinewill

谢了  印第安水泉看了我两个小时了 没明白 终于找到权威鸟

leanncx

。。。我也刚好遇到了印第安水权门。。。被欺凌至死了快~~非常感谢。

小楼独醉

太感谢了   无以言表

神奇的抛

痛苦了N久。终于读懂。。。