2009年10-11月阅读寂静整理（截至11/18 01:00-The end-Thanks all）

crgo

水星那篇，麻烦协助确认，谢谢！http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Math/thread-417292-1-1.html

echo0709

今天在GWD上看到了一篇也是这个内容的但是有点差别感觉有点参考价值大家可以看看哈
Historians who study European women of the Renaissance try to measure “independence,” “options,” and other indicators of the degree to which the expression of women’s individuality was either permitted or suppressed. Influenced by Western individualism, these historians define a peculiar form of personhood:  an innately bounded unit, autonomous and standing apart from both nature and society.  An anthropologist, however, would contend that a person can be conceived in ways other than as an “individual.”  In many societies a person’s identity is not intrinsically unique and self-contained but instead is defined within a complex web of social relationships.  
In her study of the fifteenth-century Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a historian who specializes in European women of the Renaissance  attributes individual intention and authorship of actions to her subject.  This historian assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests different from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own research reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her sons’ interests, taking their goals as her own.  Thus Alessandra conforms more closely to the anthropologist’s notion that personal motivation is embedded in a social context.  Indeed, one could argue that Alessandra did not distinguish her personhood from that of her sons.  In Renaissance Europe the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm and closed and did not necessarily coincide with the boundaries of the bodily self.
GWD3-Q35:
The passage suggests that the historian mentioned in the second paragraph would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions regarding Alessandra Strozzi?
A.    Alessandra was able to act more independently than most women of her time because she was a widow.
B.    Alessandra was aware that her personal motivation was embedded in a social context.
C.    Alessandra had goals and interests similar to those of many other widows in her society.
D.    Alessandra is an example of a Renaissance woman who expressed her individuality through independent action.
E.    Alessandra was exceptional because she was able to effect changes in the social constraints placed upon women in her society.
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GWD3-Q36:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which of the following about the study of Alessandra Strozzi done by the historian mentioned in the second paragraph?
A.    Alessandra was atypical of her time and was therefore an inappropriate choice for the subject of the historian’s research.
B.    In order to bolster her thesis, the historian adopted the anthropological perspective on personhood.
C.    The historian argues that the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm and closed in Renaissance Europe.
D.    In her study, the historian reverts to a traditional approach that is out of step with the work of other historians of Renaissance Europe.
E.    The interpretation of Alessandra’s actions that the historian puts forward is not supported by much of the historian’s research.
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GWD3-Q37:    
In the first paragraph, the author of the passage mentions a contention that would be made by an anthropologist most likely in order to


A.    present a theory that will be undermined in the discussion of a historian’s study later in the passage
B.    offer a perspective on the concept of personhood that can usefully be applied to the study of women in Renaissance Europe
C.    undermine the view that the individuality of European women of the Renaissance was largely suppressed
D.    argue that anthropologists have applied the Western concept of individualism in their research
E.    lay the groundwork for the conclusion that Alessandra’s is a unique case among European women of the Renaissance whose lives have been studied

XYXB

反托拉斯法考古，请NN们确认
GWD-29-Q11-Q13 公司合并
     Findings from several studies on
   corporate mergers and acquisitions
   during the 1970’s and 1980’s raise
Line    questions about why firms initiate and
 (5)    consummate such transactions.  One
study showed, for example, that acquir-
ing firms were on average unable to
maintain acquired firms’ pre-merger
levels of profitability.  A second study
(10)    concluded that post-acquisition gains
to most acquiring firms were not ade-
quate to cover the premiums paid
to obtain acquired firms.  A third
demonstrated that, following the
(15)    announcement of a prospective
merger, the stock of the prospective
acquiring firm tends to increase in
value much less than does that of
the firm for which it bids.  Yet merg-
(20)    ers and acquisitions remain common,
   and bidders continue to assert that
   their objectives are economic ones.
Acquisitions may well have the desir-
able effect of channeling a nation’s
(25)    resources efficiently from less to
more efficient sectors of its economy,
but the individual acquisitions execu-
tives arranging these deals must see
them as advancing either their own or
(30)    their companies’ private economic
interests.  It seems that factors hav-
ing little to do with corporate economic
   interests explain acquisitions.  These
factors may include the incentive
(35)     compensation of executives, lack
of monitoring by boards of directors,
and managerial error in estimating the
value of firms targeted for acquisition.
   Alternatively, the acquisition acts of
(40)    bidders may derive from modeling:
a manager does what other man-
agers do.
对于这种开头就是提出问题的文章，在读文章的过程中一定要牢牢想着问题是如何回答的。
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Q11:
According to the passage, during the 1970’s and 1980’s bidding firms differed from the firms for which they bid in that bidding firms
       
A.    tended to be more profitable before a merger than after a merger
B.    were more often concerned about the impact of acquisitions on national economies
C.    were run by managers whose actions were modeled on those of other managers
D.    anticipated greater economic advantages from prospective mergers
E.    experienced less of an increase in stock value when a prospective merger was announced
following the announcement of a prospective merger, the stock of the prospective acquiring firm tends to increase in value much less than does that of the firm for which it bids. 定位第三个factor
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Q12:
It can inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about corporate acquisitions?
       
A.    Their known benefits to national economies explain their appeal to individual firms during the 1970’s and 1980’s.
B.    Despite their adverse impact on some firms, they are the best way to channel resources from less to more productive sectors of a nation’s economy.
C.    They are as likely to occur because of poor monitoring by boards of directors as to be caused by incentive compensation for managers.
D.    They will be less prevalent in the future, since their actual effects will gain wider recognition.
E.    Factors other than economic benefit to the acquiring firm help to explain the frequency with which they occur.
最后一句话
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Q13:
The author of the passage implies that which of the following is a possible partial explanation for acquisition behavior during the 1970’s and 1980’s?

A.    Managers wished to imitate other managers primarily because they saw how financially beneficial other firms’ acquisitions were.
B.    Managers miscalculated the value of firms that were to be acquired.
C.    Lack of consensus within boards of directors resulted in their imposing conflicting goals on managers.
D.    Total compensation packages for managers increased during that period.
E.    The value of bidding firms’ stock increased significantly when prospective mergers were announced.
本题要小心，很容易误选A，但是A后面的how..是文章从来没有提过的，不能随便推理。而B从文章中间说的追求个人利益等等，和前面说的合并后的不利因素可以推理出来。

-- by 会员 吉木乃 (2009/11/4 16:49:24)

这篇文章我当时也看到过，但是觉得并非原文，希望日后的考友能验证

我暂时列为背景资料吧，谢谢你的提供。

FranceNice

lz辛苦~~谢谢~~

le04508

雪中送炭

吉木乃

广州hispeed同学在http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Math/thread-417087-4-2.html提到的关于地震的那篇阅读确认了，找到GWD原题可以参考一下。
GWD-24-Q30 ~ 37 GWD24-passage four深层地震的成因探析
In most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?
That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or initial rupture point. For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more (45) common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with focus several hundred kilometers down.
The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones), where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.
本文体会通篇的对比。
在大多数地震里，地壳瓷般碎裂。压力聚集，直到破裂在数公里深处形成，地壳滑动以释放压力。但是有些地震在数百公里深的地幔发生，虽然在那里压力巨大，岩石变得柔软，浮动而不破裂。这种地震如何发生？<, BR>深层地震到了1927年才被接受为事实。前人通常比较不同地点震波的到达时间，而KW则比较P波和S波到达时间的差别。因为P波和S波以不同的连续速度行进，它们到达的间隔随震源距离成比例增长。KW发现，在震中（地表摇得最厉害的地方）附近的间隔较短，但是某些情况下，即使在震中附近间隔也很长。振动密度数据也呈类似结果。大多数地震有一个密集振动的范围，振动随震中距离加大而迅速减少，但是另外一种地震的特点是更广范围更低峰值的强度。P-S间隔和强度类型都暗示了两种地震：更常见的浅层地震，震源在震中下面；还有深层地震，震源在数百公里深处。
问题持续：什么导致了深层地震，既然地幔软得不足以存储压力？KW的实验显示，深层地震出现在一块地壳板块被另一块挤向下方地幔之处。下降的岩石比周围地幔冷一些，所以不那么软，更容易碎裂。

24-30 The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
A) Deep events are far less common than shallow events.
B) Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.
Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones), where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle.
C) Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.
D) The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously thought.
E) Below 650 kilometers earthquakes cease to occur.

24-31 Information presented in the passage suggests that, compared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by
A) shorter P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
B) shorter P-S intervals and lower peak intensity
C) longer P-S intervals and similar peak intensity
D) longer P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
E) longer P-S intervals and lower peak intensity
For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest.将其取非即可

24-32 The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake?
A) P waves originate at the focus and S waves originate at the epicenter.
B) In deep events the epicenter and the focus are reversed.
C) In shallow events the epicenter and the focus coincide
D) In both deep and shallow events the focus lies beneath the epicenter
E) The epicenter is in the crust, whereas the focus is in the mantle.
the more (45) common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with focus several hundred kilometers down.

24-33 The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?
I. Stress must build up
II. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.
III. A fracture must occur.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) I, II and III

吉木乃

补充一下，答案是
24-30: C
24-31: E
24-32: D
24-33: D

lujing1018

群众灰常感谢楼主~~

crgo

ada0922提供   关于physical  distance的资料http://forum.chasedream.com/GMAT_Math/thread-417337-1-2.html

angelwds

辛苦了。。。6万字的寂静。。。有的看了。。。