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Liquid center: Mercury has a molten core, radar reveals. Mercury is hot stuff. That's the conclusion of a new radar study demonstrating that the core of the solar system's innermost planet is at least partially molten. The finding settles a long-simmering debate about the least studied of the planets. It may also provide insight about how the solar system solar system, the sun and the surrounding planets, natural satellites, dwarf planets, asteroids, meteoroids, and comets that are bound by its gravity. The sun is by far the most massive part of the solar system, containing almost 99.9% of the system's total mass. created its planets.
With Mercury averaging just a third as far from the sun as Earth is, it might seem clear-cut that Mercury's core would be molten. But sunlight has a negligible effect compared with the heat left over from the planet's formation. And considering Mercury's small size, only 40 percent the diameter of Earth, astronomers calculate that the planet ought to have cooled and solidified long ago.
That thinking was challenged in 1974, when the Mariner 10 spacecraft found that Mercury has a magnetic field. The magnetic field of a rocky planet--such as Earth--is usually generated by the sloshing of charged material within a liquid core. It's also possible, however, that the magnetic field is a remnant in the crust, frozen in place when Mercury's core solidified.
In the new research, Jean-Luc Margot Jean-Luc Margot is an astronomer and an AssistantProfessor at Cornell University. He is originally from Belgium. He specializes in planetary sciences. He was awarded the H. C. Urey Prize by the American Astronomical Society in 2004. The asteroid 9531 Jean-Luc is named after him. of Cornell University Cornell University, mainly at Ithaca, N.Y.; with land-grant, state, and private support; coeducational; chartered 1865, opened 1868. It was named for Ezra Cornell, who donated $500,000 and a tract of land. With the help of state senator Andrew D. , Stan Peale of the University of California, Santa BarbaraHistory The predecessor to UCSB, Santa Barbara State College, focused on teacher training, industrial arts, home economics, and foreign languages. Intense lobbying by an interest group in the City of Santa Barbara led by Thomas Storke and Pearl Chase persuaded the State and their colleagues bounced radio wavesRadio waves Electromagnetic energy of the frequency range corresponding to that used in radio communications, usually 10,000 cycles per second to 300 billion cycles per second. off Mercury's surface to measure small variations in its spin.
Peale had proposed 3 decades ago that a close study of Mercury's spin could determine whether the planet has fluid in its core. Mercury completes three rotations about its spin axis for every two 88-day revolutions around the sun. In that lockstep lock?step n. 1. A way of marching in which the marchers follow each other as closely as possible.
2. A standardized procedure that is closely, often mindlessly followed.
Noun 1. configuration, the sun's gravity causes the spin of the slightly out-of-round planet to vary. Solar gravity has a greater effect on a planet's spin if the core is at least partially liquid.
After 6 years of recording radar echoes from Mercury back to Earth, the researchers found that variations in the spin were about double what would be expected if Mercury were solid.
The most likely explanation is that, at minimum, the outer core of Mercury--the boundary between the heart of the planet and its overlying overlying
suffocation of piglets by the sow. The piglets may be weak from illness or malnutrition, the sow may be clumsy or ill, the pen may be inadequate in size or poorly designed so that piglets cannot escape. mantle--must be liquid, Margot, Peale, and their collaborators report in the May 4 Science.
"It is clear that Mercury is not solid throughout" comments planetary scientist David Stevenson David Stevenson may refer to: of the California Institute of Technology California Institute of Technology, at Pasadena, Calif.; originally for men, became coeducational in 1970; founded 1891 as Throop Polytechnic Institute; called Throop College of Technology, 1913–20. in Pasadena.
Scientists propose that Mercury remains molten because sulfur infiltrated the planet's iron core and lowered its melting temperature.
But at the distance from the sun where Mercury formed, the high temperature would have kept sulfur as a vapor and so prevented it from being incorporated into the planet. That suggests that Mercury, and perhaps other planets, grabbed sulfur and other material from beyond their immediate surroundings, Margot says.
To provide further information about the planet's core, scientists are now looking to NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft, which will settle into orbit around Mercury in 2011, and a Japanese-European mission scheduled to arrive at the planet in 2019. COPYRIGHT 2007 Science Service, Inc. No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 2007, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company. |
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