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补充grey market（水货市场）<br/><p>A <b>grey market</b> or <b>gray market</b> is the trade of a<br />commodity through distribution channels which, while legal, are<br />unofficial, unauthorized, or unintended by the original manufacturer.<br />In contrast, a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Black market" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market">black market</a><br />is the trade of goods and services that are illegal in themselves<br />and/or distributed through illegal channels, such as the selling of<br />stolen goods, certain drugs or unregistered handguns.</p><br /> <p>The two main types of grey market are imported manufactured goods<br />that would normally be unavailable or more expensive in a certain<br />country and unissued securities that are not yet traded in official<br />markets. Sometimes the term <b>dark market</b> is used to describe secretive, unregulated (though often technically legal) trading in <a class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity futures" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_futures">commodity futures</a>, notably crude oil in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><br />This can be considered a third type of "grey market" since it is legal,<br />yet unregulated, and probably not intended or explicitly authorized by<br />oil producers.</p><br/><h2><span id="Description" class="mw-headline">Description</span></h2><br /> <p>Unlike <a class="mw-redirect" title="Black market" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market">black market</a><br />goods, grey-market goods are not usually illegal. Instead, they are<br />sold outside normal distribution channels by companies which may have<br />no relationship with the producer of the goods. Frequently this form of<br /><a title=" arallel import" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_import">parallel import</a><br />occurs when the price of an item is significantly higher in one country<br />than another. This situation commonly occurs with electronic equipment<br />such as <a title="Camera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera">cameras</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurs">Entrepreneurs</a><br />buy the product where it is available cheaply, often at retail but<br />sometimes at wholesale, and import it legally to the target market.<br />They then sell it at a price high enough to provide a profit but under<br />the normal market price. International efforts to promote <a title="Free trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade">free trade</a>, including reduced <a title="Tariff" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff">tariffs</a> and harmonized national standards, facilitate this form of <a title="Arbitrage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitrage">arbitrage</a><br />whenever manufacturers attempt to preserve highly disparate pricing.<br />Because of the nature of grey markets, it is difficult or impossible to<br />track the precise numbers of grey-market sales. Grey-market goods are<br />often new, but some grey market goods are <a class="mw-redirect" title="Used goods" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Used_goods">used goods</a>. A market in used goods is sometimes nicknamed a Green Market.</p><br /> <p>Importing certain legally restricted items such as prescription<br />drugs or firearms would be categorized as black market, as would<br />smuggling the goods into the target country to avoid import duties. A<br />related concept is <a title="Rum-running" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-running">bootlegging</a>, the smuggling or transport of highly regulated goods, especially <a title="Alcoholic beverage" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>. The term "bootlegging" is also often applied to the production or distribution of <a title="Counterfeit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> or otherwise <a title="Copyright infringement" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement">infringing</a> goods. Grey markets can sometimes develop for select <a title="Video game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game">video game</a><br />consoles and titles whose demand temporarily outstrips supply and the<br />local shops run out of stock, this happens especially during the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Holiday season" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_season">holiday season</a>. Other popular items, such as <a title="Doll" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll">dolls</a> can also be affected. In such situations the grey market price may be considerably higher than the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer's suggested retail price" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturer%27s_suggested_retail_price">manufacturer's suggested retail price</a>. Online auction sites such as <a title="EBay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay">eBay</a> have contributed to the emergence of the video game grey market.</p><br /> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a title="Edit section: Responses" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_market&action=edit&section=2">edit</a>]</span><br /> <span id="Responses" class="mw-headline">Responses</span></h3><br /> <p>The parties most concerned with the grey market are usually the<br />authorized agents or importers, or the retailers of the item in the<br />target market. Often this is the national subsidiary of the<br />manufacturer, or a related company. In response to the resultant damage<br />to their profits and reputation, manufacturers and their official<br />distribution chain will often seek to restrict the grey market. Such<br />responses can breach <a title="Competition law" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_law">competition law</a>, particularly in the European Union. Manufacturers or their licensees often seek to enforce <a title="Trademark" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark">trademark</a> or other <a title="Intellectual property" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property">intellectual-property</a><br />rights against the grey market. Such rights may be exercised against<br />the import, sale and/or advertisement of grey imports. In 2002, <a title="Levi Strauss & Co." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co.">Levi Strauss</a>, after a 4-year legal fight, prevented UK supermarket <a title="Tesco" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco">Tesco</a> from selling grey market jeans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_market#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, such rights can be limited. Examples of such limitations include the <a title="First-sale doctrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-sale_doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> in the United States and the doctrine of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaustion of rights" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion_of_rights">exhaustion of rights</a> in the European Union.</p><br /> <p>When grey-market products are advertised on <a title="Google" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google">Google</a>, <a title="EBay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay">eBay</a><br />or other legitimate web sites, it is possible to petition for removal<br />of any advertisements that violate trademark or copyright laws. This<br />can be done directly, without the involvement of legal professionals. <a title="EBay" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay">eBay</a>,<br />for example, will remove listings of such products even in countries<br />where their purchase and use is not against the law. Manufacturers may<br />refuse to supply distributors and retailers (and with commercial<br />products, customers) that trade in grey-market goods. They may also<br />more broadly limit supplies in markets where prices are low.<br />Manufacturers may refuse to honor the warranty of an item purchased<br />from grey-market sources, on the grounds that the higher price on the<br />non-grey market reflects a higher level of service. Alternatively, they<br />may provide the warranty service only from the manufacturer's<br />subsidiary in the intended country of import, not the diverted third<br />country where the grey goods are ultimately sold by the distributor or<br />retailer. This response to the grey market is especially evident in<br />electronics goods. Local laws (or customer demand) concerning<br />distribution and packaging (for example, the language on labels, units<br />of measurement, and nutritional disclosure on foodstuffs) can be<br />brought into play, as can national standards certifications for certain<br />goods.</p><br /> <p>Manufacturers may give the same item different model numbers in<br />different countries, even though the functions of the item are<br />identical, so that they can identify grey imports. Manufacturers can<br />also use batch codes to enable similar tracing of grey imports.<br />arallel market importers often de-code the product in order to avoid<br />the identification of the supplier. In the United States, courts have<br />decided that decoding which blemishes the product is a material<br />alteration, rendering the product infringed. Parallel market importers<br />have worked around this limitation by developing new removal techniques.</p><br /> <p>The development of <a title="DVD region code" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code">DVD region codes</a>, and equivalent <a title="Regional lockout" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_lockout">regional-lockout</a><br />techniques in other media, are examples of technological features<br />designed to limit the flow of goods between national markets,<br />effectively fighting the grey market that would otherwise develop. This<br />enables movie studios and other content creators to charge more for the<br />same product in one market than in another or alternatively withhold<br />the product from some markets for a particular time. Consumer advocacy<br />groups argue that this discrimination against consumers—the charging of<br />higher prices on the same object simply because of where they happen to<br />live—is unjust and anti-competitive. Since it requires governments to<br />legislate to prevent their citizens from purchasing goods at cheaper<br />prices from other markets, and since this is clearly not in their<br />citizens' interests, many governments in democratic countries have<br />chosen not to protect anti-competitive technologies such as DVD<br />region-coding.</p> |
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发表于 2009-9-30 00:53:00
谢谢各位~~~祝愿这一期考试的我们都考得很出色<img src="/static/legacy-emoticon/Dvbbs/em01.gif" />
