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重大发现，不知道是不是别人早就发现了，不过我还是贴上来嘎<br/>关于鸡骨头的文章英文版发表在07年一个科学杂志上，看看至少主旨和一些生僻单词可以了解了解啊<br/>网址：http://www.livescience.com/history/070604_polynesian_chicken.html<br/><h1>Chicken Bones Suggest Polynesians Found Americas Before Columbus</h1><p>By <a href="mailto:heatherwhipps(at) hotmail.com">Heather Whipps</a>, Special to LiveScience</p><br /> <p>posted: 04 June 2007 06:02 pm ET</p><p>Which came first–the chicken or the European?<br/><br /> <br/><br /> opular history, and a familiar rhyme about <a href="http://www.livescience.com/history/top10_intrepid_explorers.html">Christopher Columbus</a>,<br />holds that Europeans made contact with the Americas in 1492, with some<br />arguing that the explorer and his crew were the first outsiders to<br />reach the New World.</p><p>But chicken bones recently unearthed on the coast of Chile—dating prior<br />to Columbus’ “discovery” of America and resembling the DNA of a fowl<br />species native to Polynesia—may challenge that notion, researchers say.<br /><br/><br /> <br/><br />“Chickens could not have gotten to South America on their own—they had<br />to be taken by humans,” said anthropologist Lisa Matisoo-Smith from the<br />University of Auckland, New Zealand. <br/><br /> <br/><br />olynesians made contact with the west coast of South America as much<br />as a century before any Spanish conquistadors, her findings imply.</p><p><strong>DNA in bone</strong><br/><br /> <br/><br />The <a href="http://www.livescience.com/animals/070412_dino_tissues.html">chicken</a><br />bones were discovered at an archaeological site called El Arenal, on<br />the south coast of Chile, alongside other materials belonging to the<br />indigenous population. While chickens aren’t native to the region, it<br />was believed the local Araucana species found there now was brought to<br />the Americas by Spanish settlers around 1500. <br/><br /> <br/><br />Tests on the bones, however, now indicate the birds arrived well before<br />any European made landfall in South America, Matisoo-Smith and her<br />colleague Alice Storey found. <br/><br /> <br/><br />“We had the chicken bone directly dated by radio carbon. The calibrated date was clearly prior to 1492,” Matisoo-Smith told <em>LiveScience</em>,<br />noting that it could have ranged anywhere from 1304 to 1424. “This also<br />fits with the other dates obtained from the site (on other materials),<br />and it fits with the cultural period of the site.”</p><p><strong>Did Polynesians continue eastwards?</strong><br/><br /> <br/><br />DNA extracted from the bones also matched closely with a Polynesian breed of chicken, rather than any chickens found in Europe. <br/><br /> <br/><br /> <a href="http://www.livescience.com/history/060905_rapa_island.html">olynesia</a><br />was settled by sailors who migrated from mainland Southeast Asia,<br />beginning about 3,000 years ago. They continued gradually eastwards,<br />but were never thought to have journeyed further than Easter Island,<br />about 2,000 miles off the coast of continental Chile. <br/><br /> <br/><br />The chicken DNA suggests at least one group did make the harrowing<br />journey across the remaining stretch of Pacific, Matisoo-Smith said. <br/><br /> <br/><br />“We cannot say exactly which island the voyage came from. The DNA<br />sequence is found in chickens from Tonga, Samoa, Niue, Easter Island<br />and <a href="http://www.livescience.com/history/060801_hawaii_history.html">Hawaii</a>,”<br />Matisoo-Smith said. “If we had to guess, we would say it was unlikely<br />to have come from West Polynesia and most likely to have come from<br />Easter Island or some other East Polynesian source that we have not yet<br />sampled.”<br/><br /> <br/><br />The results are detailed in the latest issue of the journal <em>roceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>.</p><p><strong>Kon-Tiki trip in reverse</strong><br/><br /> <br/><br />It might be the most tangible, but this isn’t the first evidence that<br />pre-Columbian voyages from the Pacific to South America were possible. <br/><br /> <br/><br />In 1947, Thor Heyerdahl, the famous Norwegian anthropologist, made the<br />voyage from Peru to Polynesia aboard his Kon-Tiki raft to prove the<br />trip was doable with a rudimentary vessel. <br/><br /> <br/><br />There are more scientific arguments, too, said Matisoo-Smith. <br/><br /> <br/><br />“There is increasing evidence of multiple contacts with the Americas,”<br />she said, “based on linguistic evidence and similarities in fish hook<br />styles.” Physical evidence of human DNA from Polynesia has yet to be<br />found in South America, she added.<br /></p><br/> |
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