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[下载] 閱讀JJ+補充資料版~~~2008/05/12

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楼主
发表于 2008-5-12 18:24:00 | 只看该作者

[下载] 閱讀JJ+補充資料版~~~2008/05/12

我來了我來了~~~

檔案來源:

這份資料是集stingdo+laipiyu+Again+ted810+junyue的心血而成

Gavinding我也有找一點老JJ

另外把排版修正了一下

stingdo牛牛之後如果要更新也可以直接參考這一版本~~~繼續讓他升級

檔案密碼:

Gavin有八塊肌

一模一樣,直接貼上即可

文字檔在二樓以下:

希望大家再幫忙找老JJ,補充資料

相信會讓這個檔案越來越豐富~~~

有資料不要偷偷藏起來喔~~~

補充說明:

此為繁體版,請在Word檔案工具列選工具(T)→語言(L)→中文繁簡轉換(N)

★本人喜歡排版美美的,所以排版排很久,為了讓檔案美觀,手酸~~~

PS:

希望大家踴躍補充與討論,別當一個只看不分享的吸血蟲了。基本上還是以stingdo的檔案為主,因為我Gmat已經考完了,只是來幫忙一下。多多討論喔,謝謝~~~

我不在乎加精華還是加積分or文章,因為這些在考完Gmat之後都會無所謂了

所以請大家有文章別另外開帖子,討論在同一個討論串

有補充資料請附註對應題號~~~謝謝

祝大家都戰勝邪惡的ETS~~~

檔案下載:



[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-13 15:40:37编辑过]

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沙发
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:25:00 | 只看该作者

原題區:(麻煩自行尋找,不提供原題)

GWD 21-Q15 to Q18:
搜尋字:【Quakers】婦女反對男權婚姻
T-7-Q23-Q25
搜尋字:【SKU’s】供需預測
GWD5-Q22 to Q25:
搜尋字:【IT】★不確定,望考到的大大來確認一下


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:39:18编辑过]
板凳
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:25:00 | 只看该作者

03. 品牌的作用越來越小
Customer loyalty programs are attempts to bond customers to a company and its products and services by offering incentives – such as airline frequent flyer programs or special credit cards with valuable benefits – to loyal customers. In support of loyalty programs, companies often invoke the "80/20" principle, which states that about 80 percent of revenue typically comes from only about 20 percent of customers. However, this profitable 20 percent are not necessarily loyal buyers, especially in the sense of exclusive loyalty. Studies have demonstrated that only about 10 percent of buyers for many types of frequently purchased consumer goods are 100 percent loyal to a particular brand over a one-year period. Moreover, 100-percent-loyal buyers tend to be light buyers of the product or service. "Divided loyalty" better describes actual consumer behavior, since customers typically vary the brands they buy. The reasons for this behavior are fairly straightforward: people buy different brands for different occasions or for variety, or a brand may be the only one in stock or may offer better value because of a special deal. Most buyers who change brands are not lost forever; usually, they are heavy consumers who simply (35) prefer to buy a number of brands. Such multi-brand loyalty means that one company's most profitable customers will probably be its competitors' most profitable customers as well. (40) Still, advocates of loyalty programs contend that such programs are beneficial because the costs of serving highly loyal customers are lower, and because such loyal customers are less price sensitive than other customers. It is true that when there are start-up costs, such as credit checks, involved in serving a new customer, the costs exceed those of serving a repeat customer.  However, it is not at all clear why the costs of serving a highly loyal customer should in principle be different from those of serving any other type of repeat customer. The key variables driving cost are size and type of order, special versus standard order, and so on, not high-loyalty versus divided-loyalty customers. As for price sensitivity, highly loyal customers may in fact come to expect a price discount as a reward for their loyalty.

版本一
講品牌的作用越來有小。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319231&page=1
還有一個品牌的作用越來越小了。有一題問customer都怎了所以品牌不起作用了。有個問題問chance take是什麼意思

版本二
閱讀有一個比較長的是關於品牌的,說是品牌本來是有很多好處的,但以後可能因為人們對品牌的觀點的改變,品牌價值將會下降。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=320100&page=1

version 1  
現在的公司經營中越來越發現,brand不管用了,根據調查消費者不受影響了。消費者不是傻子,現在越來越多廠都讓企業代工,消費者不會為了brand多掏錢了...  有問marketing 策略的,有問主題的,有問innovation是不是還管用的。

version 2
第一段,講說很多公司都很重視品牌的建設,因為他們認為brand recogition很重要,所以會投錢做廣告,搞marketing之類的。但是recent的調查表明,很多在去年接受調查時很brand loyal的受訪消費者今年已經不再brand loyal了。為什麼會這樣呢?(有這一句嗎?但是加上比較通順)
第二段,說是現在資訊爆炸、網際網路什麼的,所以消費者可以分清很多產品的好壞,不用迷信品牌。他們也很歡迎針對產品品質的試驗,降低他們的“chance risk”(好像是這個詞,後面還考了這個詞的意思,我選的是購買不瞭解的產品的風險)
第三段,說現在的科技進步,有些高科技產品的區別消費者也分不清,同時,產品越來越趨同。所以雖然廠商可以通過廣告強調自己的產品的品質優、與其他產品有區別,但意義不大。

version 3
品牌問題,公司大量花前在品牌上,而研究顯示大量消費者其實沒這麼忠誠.(出考點了),後來又說他們都以來雜誌什麼的來判斷.(考點,問一個次什麼意思)這個詞的意思就是本段的同意替換,選:不研究資訊清楚就買.

version 4
第一段 以前公司用商標可以為自己 顧客(節省挑選商品和比較的成本) 零售商(維持自己的preminum)帶來共同的利益。括弧處有題。
第二段 現在消費者變的精明了,知道商標不一定表示“實在貨”了。
第三段 公司應該尋找新的市場行銷策略了。

version 5
brand 作為吸引顧客的手段和催銷方式,影響力和效果逐漸降低:
第一段:講brand 對於buyer和seller都有意義.對buyer來說:過去,由於人們為了降低搜索商品的cost,在購買商品的時候比較信賴品牌,同時對於一些好的品牌,他們通常會覺得比一般的同類商品更優越,給人們帶來一種心理上和社會上的優越感.對於seller來說,可以利於人們的這種心理,進行品牌行銷,讓顧客認為他們的產品比一般的產品更好更特別.
後面(記不得具體幾段了):然而,現在,品牌行銷的這種策略的效果正在逐漸降低,有兩個原因.一個是現在進入了資訊化社會,高科技的使用,使人們利用網路搜索價格和產品, 可以使搜索的cost降低.其次是由於老的顧客age,(這裏好象有題),他們的經驗也使得他們能夠判斷同類商品的價值.還有一個年輕的顧客群成長起來.所以,brand的作用正在降低,人們可以搜索到更便宜同時品質不差的商品.最後就講對於seller來說,他們怎樣應對這種情況.

version6
一篇閱讀是將brand的.第一段談到了消費者的選擇成本,說品牌可以讓消費者跟方便的挑選商品.他們願意為他們信賴的產品支付更高的價格.這裏有題,問什麼情況下消費者的挑選成本會增高.第二段說由於模仿等原因,品牌已經不像原來那樣有用了什麼的.然後分析了一下原因.後面還說了一下新環境下的新策略以及消費者在產品選擇方面的變化什麼的.就記不太清楚了.
還有一個品牌名稱與受眾反應的實驗,不同的品牌名字,看完廣告後,被測記得品牌的名字的多少是不一樣的,分析什麼樣的品牌名容易被記住。
.brand loyal那篇,第一題,就是問'take chance'的意思,
兩個容易混淆的答案,一個說購買unfamilar的product的風險;一個說購買沒有查詢information的product的風險;
前面的機經說得挺詳盡,看那個就夠了,後面的題記不得了,好像有個主旨題;


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:51:58编辑过]
地板
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

04. 印度 文字
版本一:
中間做到20題那陣的那個閱讀,太難了 ,讀不懂,關於 印度那片的文字,大概說的是就是科學有這種文字的資料,但不多.但科學家說肯定能再找到一些還是怎麼著,一共有4個大段,很長,很變態,找不到中心意思
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319210&page=1

版本二:
有關一種語言和其他古老語言的交融檢探究
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319827&page=1

語言源自臺灣
還有某種語言的發源吧,好像也是3段,說某種語言,(有點像馬來西亞的發音)跟臺灣當地的語言有淵源。最後一段是further evidence講為什麼跟臺灣當地語言有關係。有道題是purpose,選項有個是提供evidence什麼什麼的,我沒選這個,選了一個別的explanation。。。。在這兩個裏比較,沒拿准。
有一道講一種語言的起源和發展的
說一種語言有很多旁支,先講了一個地區外的,再講了本地區的,有3種不同的語言種類,各自很不相同,但找源頭發現都是從臺灣傳過來的
又講這些話有對某些食物的特殊表達是一致的,所以說他們同源
有問主要內容,還有問3種語言有什麼共同點

以下為老jj:
(版本01)講某個地方的語言怎麼發展過來的,最後還說了跟CROPS的關係
(版本02)說Austroasiatic的。第一段說這個語系從馬達加斯加延伸到夏威夷,全世界有987種這個語系的語言。其中14種屬於一個非常與眾不同的sub 語系(後面暗示還有其他三個sub語系)。第二段說這個sub語系的由來,提到了Taiwan。說是因為Taiwan人的遷徙,把當地的語言融入了自己的 文化中。第三段進一步論證第二段的解釋,說這個sub語系和其他三個的不同之處就是它的辭彙,有些食物的辭彙只有這個sub語系有。
(版本03)第一段很多專有詞,可速讀,但要瞭解大意有一種語言,同源於臺灣,分佈在太平洋(還是大洋洲,不重要),從夏威夷到馬達加斯加都有。但是這一語系下面 有四個分支,其中主要的一個分支是XX ,分支之間有的發音有的是類似的,比如corp,進而說明這些語言起源于臺灣的農耕文明(農業在很多年前的臺灣很重要)。
問題:
一、文中提到馬達加斯加的作用(好像)
二、和有的臺灣的語言發音相同說明什麼
(版本04)690關於“M”語言的發源和發展。
1段,M是最複雜的語言,包括從摩洛哥到HAWAII 的934中語言。其中14種,沒有什麼變化,因為時間比較短。
2 段,突然來了個ALL THE OTHER 3 M 語言。又和其TAIWAN 有關係。可能這3種都是從臺灣走的人把他們傳播到世界的其他地方的。接著一個判斷句。
3段,我們還可以從一個證據中發現,2段的結論。即 M 語言中有2種農作物,某些語言中就沒有,說明,一個判斷句,好象是關於這些語言的出現時間。
問題:
整體結構主題題 2、考2段和3段結尾的判斷句。
(版本05)
問題:
一、從文中可以推斷出什麼(我可能沒看仔細,覺得每個都不太對,隨便選了個)2.說如果印尼語言也是分支中的一種,下面哪個是正確的(不太記得了)
(版本06)720 2、Austroasietic語系(這篇原來看過JJ,整個看文章的過程就是在找JJ哪里寫錯了)
第一段:說這個語系從馬達加斯加延伸到夏威夷,全世界有95x種這個語系的語言。其中除了14種語言以外都屬於一個非常與眾不同的sub語系Malayo- Polynesian。這個sub語系由於最近在不同地理位置spread,所以相互之間差別不大。
第二段:說其他的那三個子系,他們相互類似。同時與一種臺灣的Austroasiatic語系分支也類似。結論是臺灣是3個語系的發源地。
第三段:進一步論證第二段的解釋(evidence),說三個子系有很多食物(crop)的辭彙相似,而很多沒有詞這些語言裏又都沒有。
題目實在很簡單。南亞語系三段,問到“以下哪個不會發生”……這種,選項不記得了。另外考了main idea。
(版本07)說Austroasiatic的。
第一段說這個語系從馬達加斯加延伸到夏威夷,全世界有987種這個語系的語言。其中14種屬於一個非常與眾不同的sub 語系(後面暗示還有其他三個sub語系)。
第二段說這個sub語系的由來,提到了Taiwan。說是因為Taiwan人的遷徙,把當地的語言融入了自己的文化中。
第三段進一步論證第二段的解釋,說這個sub語系和其他三個的不同之處就是它的辭彙,有些食物的辭彙只有這個sub語系有。

05. 考古學家與生態學家的觀點互相支持 人類學家
版本一
古人類學家的發現幫助了生態學家
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319210&page=1

版本二
2。考古學家和生態學家的觀點互相支持的一題
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=320292&page=1

最後一篇是新的,時間很緊張了,主要的意思是講考古學者的發現對生態學者的意義,開始講了考古學家一個水下的發現能夠幫助生態學者瞭解冰川時期對一些樹的影響。之後又對這種應用進行了擴展,據了個例子,通過考古發現判斷一個植物community隨這一個town在洪水中變化。
Version 2
一段式的文章,說環境學家和一個什麼p打頭的學家的發現的相互作用,就是前者的發現可以幫助後者,反之亦然;然後剩下的篇幅都舉了一個例子,說後者的發現幫助前者,說的是在一個生物圈裏,遇到環境變化,三種樹的變化,是相同的,還是不同。

it is about if the technology should be limited in one country, or it should be done globally.

05. 考古學家與生態學家的觀點互相支持 人類學家
版本一
古人類學家的發現幫助了生態學家
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319210&page=1

版本二
2。考古學家和生態學家的觀點互相支持的一題
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=320292&page=1

最後一篇是新的,時間很緊張了,主要的意思是講考古學者的發現對生態學者的意義,開始講了考古學家一個水下的發現能夠幫助生態學者瞭解冰川時期對一些樹的影響。之後又對這種應用進行了擴展,據了個例子,通過考古發現判斷一個植物community隨這一個town在洪水中變化。
Version 2
一段式的文章,說環境學家和一個什麼p打頭的學家的發現的相互作用,就是前者的發現可以幫助後者,反之亦然;然後剩下的篇幅都舉了一個例子,說後者的發現幫助前者,說的是在一個生物圈裏,遇到環境變化,三種樹的變化,是相同的,還是不同。

it is about if the technology should be limited in one country, or it should be done globally.


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:51:31编辑过]
5#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

06. 食物鏈  上層 毒素 kow
版本一:
這個食物鏈的最高層上容易積累某種毒素,比如POLAR BEAR, 用某種方法可以測一種叫KOW的玩意,它越高還是低忘了,毒素就越容易擴散到水裏去,所以就無害了.然後說但是這方法在陸地上沒用,因為鳥和捕乳動物都用肺呼吸,就算KOW低,也排不出去.最後說科學家研究了一種新的模型能測KOW和KO***玩意的混合體,成功了。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319210&page=1
版本二:
第一篇: 講一個food chain ,
第一段    這個食物鏈的最高層上容易積累某種毒素,比如POLAR BEAR, 用某種方法可以測一種叫KOW的玩意,它越高還是低忘了,毒素就越容易擴散到水裏去,所以就無害了.
第二段    然後說但是這方法在陸地上沒用,因為鳥和捕乳動物都用肺呼吸,就算KOW低,也排不出去.  (這裏有道細節題!)
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=320732&page=1
Biomagnification means that the level of a toxin in animals' tissues rises as one moves up the food chain. For instance, as larvae eat algae, fish eat the larvae, and bigger fish eat smaller fish, the toxin present in the algae becomes increasingly concentrated; top predators like swordfish and polar bears end up with the highest doses in their tissues. This can happen with stable, fatsoluble chemicals that aren't easily excreted in urine or feces. Biomagnification was first studied in the late 1960s in aquatic food webs, explains Frank Gobas, professor at Simon Fraser University and leader of the study. To screen chemicals, scientists began using a property known as Kow, which indicates how readily a chemical dissolves in water compared with fat and thus predicts how easily it will move from a fish's blood lipids into water through its gills. Low-Kow, or more watersoluble, chemicals don't build up in the fish food chain and were assumed to be safe.
 
Environmental chemists realized, however, that this assumption might not hold in food chains involving mammals and birds because their lungs are in contact with air, not water. This means that many chemicals that are relatively soluble in water and therefore don't accumulate in fish might remain in the tissues of land animals if they aren't volatile enough to easily move from the lungs into the air (predicted by a property called Koa). Supporting this idea, some organic chemicals that don't biomagnify in fish appeared to be doing so in other wildlife and humans.
我做了一些解釋,希望對大家有用

毒素在食物鏈上端會累積,也就是生物放大作用
這類毒素中有一類是比較穩定的脂溶性物質,不容易通過尿液糞便排出,會蓄積於體內。
科學家Frank最早發現了生物放大現象。
科學家們開始研究魚類的生物放大現象,用到一個指標,Kow,注意,低kow是高水溶性(我感覺這裏應該有題),毒素容易進入水中,排出。
但是,環境學家懷疑這一觀點,因為魚是生活在水中,所以可以用食物的水溶性來判斷。
但是很多陸地動物要靠肺來呼吸,肺是和空氣接觸,所以毒素可能會蓄積在肺中,如果毒素揮發性差不能通過呼吸排出的話。最後一句話,一些不會在魚類中蓄積的毒素可能會在陸地動物中蓄積。
Note:Kow是和水溶性相關的指標,看清是正比還是反比

ECOTOXICOLOGY:
Canadian Study Reveals New Class of Potential POPs
Jocelyn Kaiser
Dioxin, PCBs, the pesticide DDT--these pollutants are considered among the most dangerous on the planet because they don't break down easily, are highly toxic, and build up in the food chain. Because these chemicals stay put in our body fat, even tiny amounts in food can add up over time and contribute to health problems such as cancer. So worrisome are the risks that more than 140 countries have endorsed a 2001 international treaty that aims to banish a dozen of these substances from the environment.
Now on p. 236, a Canadian team reports that efforts to crack down on persistent organic pollutants, or POPs, may have missed an entire set of them. The problem is that risk assessment experts now finger potential POPs based on whether they build up in fish food webs. That assumption, the authors argue, based on modeling and field data, could be missing chemicals that fish remove from their bodies but that become concentrated in the tissues of mammals and birds, which have a different respiratory physiology.
One-third of the 12,000 or so organic chemicals on the market in Canada fit this new category, say the study's authors at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. This study did not examine whether these chemicals are actually harming wildlife and people, they and others are quick to point out. Still, the work "is really raising a red flag and saying we've got to pay attention to this," says ecotoxicologist Lawrence Burkhard of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in Duluth, Minnesota.
Biomagnification means that the level of a toxin in animals' tissues rises as one moves up the food chain. For instance, as larvae eat algae, fish eat the larvae, and bigger fish eat smaller fish, the toxin present in the algae becomes increasingly concentrated; top predators like swordfish and polar bears end up with the highest doses in their tissues. This can happen with stable, fatsoluble chemicals that aren't easily excreted in urine or feces. Biomagnification was first studied in the late 1960s in aquatic food webs, explains Frank Gobas, professor at Simon Fraser University and leader of the study. To screen chemicals, scientists began using a property known as Kow, which indicates how readily a chemical dissolves in water compared with fat and thus predicts how easily it will move from a fish's blood lipids into water through its gills. Low-Kow, or more watersoluble, chemicals don't build up in the fish food chain and were assumed to be safe.
Toxic web. This wolf devouring a caribou carcass may be ingesting toxic organic chemicals that the caribou picked up from eating lichen.
CREDIT: RON NIEBRUGGE/WILDNATUREIMAGES.COM
Environmental chemists realized, however, that this assumption might not hold in food chains involving mammals and birds because their lungs are in contact with air, not water. This means that many chemicals that are relatively soluble in water and therefore don't accumulate in fish might remain in the tissues of land animals if they aren't volatile enough to easily move from the lungs into the air (predicted by a property called Koa). Supporting this idea, some organic chemicals that don't biomagnify in fish appeared to be doing so in other wildlife and humans.
To explore this hypothesis, Gobas and graduate student Barry Kelly and colleagues collected plant and animal tissue samples--from lichens to beluga whales killed in Inuit hunts--in the Arctic, where, because of weather patterns and cold temperatures, organic pollutant levels are high. They tested the samples not only for known POPs but also for several chemicals with a low Kow but high Koa, which suggested they might biomagnify in air-breathing animals.
The measured levels of contaminants for various animals in aquatic and land food webs were similar to those predicted from a bioaccumulation model incorporating Koa and Kow, suggesting the model was correct. Chemicals with low Kow and high Koa stood out as potentially risky. Several of the contaminants studied, such as the insecticide lindane, have been proposed for the POPs treaty already. But many others with similar properties have not been scrutinized, Gobas says. The bottom line: "We're missing a lot of chemicals" that may be building up in the food web, Gobas says.
Canada and countries in Europe that are working through lists of industrial chemicals to identify new potential POPs will now need to revise their approach, says chemist Derek Muir of Environment Canada. He adds, however, that the model has limitations. For one thing, it assumes the chemicals aren't metabolized; many of them probably are, which may convert them to a form that is easily excreted. Procter & Gamble senior scientist Annie Weisbrod agrees: the Koa of chemicals "will matter in some cases," she says, "but the number of chemicals [that bioaccumulate] will not be a third of those in commerce."
第一篇: 講一個food chain ,
第一段    這個食物鏈的最高層上容易積累某種毒素,比如POLAR BEAR, 用某種方法可以測一種叫KOW的玩意,它越高還是低忘了,毒素就越容易擴散到水裏去,所以就無害了.
第二段    然後說但是這方法在陸地上沒用,因為鳥和捕乳動物都用肺呼吸,就算KOW低,也排不出去.  (這裏有道細節題!)

某種毒素可以在食物鏈中累積,在食物鏈高端也能存在。例如在bear裏的這個毒素實際是由algae攝入的。(有題細節題,問提到algae 是in order to)


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:53:09编辑过]
6#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

07. 雌鳥抱窩和雄鳥覓食
版本一:
現在想得起來的是一個鳥類的,雌鳥抱窩和雄鳥覓食時間長短問題;
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319156&page=1

兩隻鳥抱窩那個和去年12月機經裏面一個有點像,不過是說雌鳥覓食雄鳥抱窩,有兩個假設:
1一個是說氣候原因
2是說是因為predation.不知道具體是不是一道,不過建議摟住看一下吧~呵呵~

組成配偶之後,雄鳥就與雌鳥一起開始築巢。它們的巢建在大樹的頂部或岩石峭壁的灌叢上,利用樹枝等編織而成,巢壁比較簡陋,巢內鋪墊纖細的樹枝及海草等柔軟物質。它們雖然共同築巢,但也有不同的分工,雄鳥主要負責銜來巢材,遞給雌鳥,雌鳥再於樹上或灌木上築巢。有趣的是,它們的築巢用的樹枝、海草等材料,也多是採用掠奪食物的方法,從鰹鳥等鳥類的口中奪取。新巢建成以後,雌鳥便在其中產卵,每次只產1~2枚白色的卵,大小為70×50毫米。這時雄鳥要暫時離開它的伴侶外出去旅行幾天,只有雌鳥單獨留在巢內孵化。等雄鳥歸來以後,它們就不再外出覓食,開始輪流孵化,直到40天后,雛鳥出殼時為止。就是在孵卵期間,它們也不忘了時常從其他鳥巢中偷取一些樹枝等巢材來補充自己的巢。
Nest attentiveness (percentage of time spent on the nest) during incubation represents a parent-offspring conflict; incubating birds must balance a trade-off between caring for embryos by staying on the nest versus caring for themselves by getting off the nest to forage. For species in which females are the sole incubator, males can potentially affect this trade-off and increase nest attentiveness by feeding incubating females on the nest (incubation feeding). Increased nest attentiveness may be required when local microclimate conditions are harsh and thereby require greater incubation feeding (microclimate hypothesis). Alternatively, incubation feeding may be constrained by risk of attracting nest predators (nest predation hypothesis), which in turn may constrain female nest attentiveness because of energy limitation. We show that incubation feeding rates are much greater among cavity-nesting than among coexisting opennesting birds. Under the microclimate hypothesis, the greater incubation feeding rates of cavity-nesting birds generate the prediction that microclimate should be harsher than for open-nesting birds. Our results reject this hypothesis because we found the opposite pattern; cavity-nesting birds experienced more moderate (less variable) microclimates that were less often below temperatures (i.e., 167C) that can negatively impact eggs compared with open-nesting species. In contrast, incubation feeding rates were highly negatively correlated with nest predation both within and between the two nest types, supporting the nest predation hypothesis. Incubation feeding in turn was positively correlated with nest attentiveness. Thus, nest predation may indirectly affect female incubation behavior by directly affecting incubation feeding by the male.
閱讀有鳥抱窩的那個,主要看去年12月機經。
主要是有兩個假設,一個說氣候影響,還有一個說抵禦掠奪。
有個題問nest predation 的什麼的。就是問關於第二個假設的提問,問下面哪個可能發生。(我怎麼吃了一頓飯就給忘了。。。建議翻看舊機經
閱讀有鳥抱窩的那個,主要看去年12月機經。

08. Bird incubation 孵化
一發現:有些鳥類,雌鳥覓食,雄鳥孵化
解釋一:因為氣候原因,雌鳥可以吃的多。
解釋二:因為predator,雌鳥可以吃的多,較少出去的次數。

V1:講鳥類在築巢養小鳥時的行為。講覓食和保護小鳥的事情等等。
V2: 公鳥給母鳥餵食那題,問下面哪種情況根據文章是會發生的?我選的,nest predation的鳥類的母鳥會leave the nest alone when foraging。

去年jj
十一、鳥類覓食和保護幼鳥
版本一、講鳥類在築巢養小鳥時的行為。講覓食和保護小鳥的事情等等。
組成配偶之後,雄鳥就與雌鳥一起開始築巢。它們的巢建在大樹的頂部或岩石峭壁的灌叢上,利用樹枝等編織而成,巢壁比較簡陋,巢內鋪墊纖細的樹枝及海草等柔軟物質。它們雖然共同築巢,但也有不同的分工,雄鳥主要負責銜來巢材,遞給雌鳥,雌鳥再於樹上或灌木上築巢。有趣的是,它們的築巢用的樹枝、海草等材料,也多是採用掠奪食物的方法,從鰹鳥等鳥類的口中奪取。新巢建成以後,雌鳥便在其中產卵,每次只產1~2枚白色的卵,大小為70×50毫米。這時雄鳥要暫時離開它的伴侶外出去旅行幾天,只有雌鳥單獨留在巢內孵化。等雄鳥歸來以後,它們就不再外出覓食,開始輪流孵化,直到40天后,雛鳥出殼時為止。就是在孵卵期間,它們也不忘了時常從其他鳥巢中偷取一些樹枝等巢材來補充自己的巢。
版本二、公鳥給母鳥餵食那題,問下面哪種情況根據文章是會發生的?我選的,nest predation的鳥類的母鳥會leave the nest alone when foraging。
版本三、鳥類孵蛋的東西,說有兩派學者關於鳥類孵蛋的想法。
第一段 說明鳥類孵蛋的特色 啥公的孵 母的孵 交替孵。         
第二段 第一個學派的想法,因為氣候的關係 因為母的可以一次吃比較多儲存比較多。 所以 大多是 公的孵 母的去找東西吃。
第三段 另一個學者的想法 因為 preditor的關係 所以 母的可以減少出去找東西的次數降低了risk 所以 是公的孵 母的去找東西吃
版本三、提到"male" incubation的行為(這個字不會的一定要背下來,不然後面很難看懂)
然後關於這種行為有兩種Hypothesis 來解釋
第一個....忘了...
第二個....跟predator有關
這兩個假說的理論我都看不太懂,有提到一些像nest, temperature...等factors,
補充,很抱歉,因為讀的時候沒有很懂,所以我現在很難回想太多細節
但關鍵字就是male incubation(孵蛋), 然後注意那兩個假說。
網路上有一篇文章講的跟考試文章講的行為有點像(這是我目前找到最像的)
可是考試的文章比較簡潔,用字不一樣,並昨重在假說的解釋。所以上面的看看就好。
或許熟悉老JJ的xdjm可以根據我的線索找的到老JJ了
然後就這麼短短一篇,好像,才一段,幾個句子,文章主要繞著那兩個Hypothesis解釋,大家考到不管字有多難,都建議要耐心的分析出關係
因為,第一提示考第二個假說,第二題考第一個假說,根本沒得逃。
沒有任何訣竅,一定要懂才選的出來,我想我這兩題都掛了。
第三題是考主旨,忘了選什麼,不過我想這題大家都選的出來。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:54:09编辑过]
7#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

09. artisan orgnization的制度
版本一
第一段:1970年代以前artisan orgnization的制度有什麼(對artisan)不妥之處。再來講了80年代的時候artisan organization develope,這些artisan只能過清貧的日子(此處有一道細節題:講80年以前artisan orgnization會是怎麼樣的:有一道選項是說 artisan organization expended,我想是對的)
第二段:幸虧有80年代的XXX政策使這個問題得到了解決,二戰後出生的人可以得到這個政策的恩惠。然後最後說“處於缺少經濟來源的人可以通過XXX方式解決這個問題”(這裏有一個細節題,問作者認為artisan怎樣才能解決這個問題)
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319279&page=1


10. Center authority (system)的原因:
版本一
第一段:
Center authority (system) 可能是因為多種原因引起的,其中有一些重要的原因和食物有關,從三個方面來講的:第一和storage有關(有一細節題)
第二段:
第二種因素:關於diversity & trade的,有一細節題;
第三段:
第三種因素: 和intensive use有關,以canal為例(有一細節題,問large scale of the canal的情況)
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319279&page=1

11. 某種planet的形成相關的理論
版本一
是講和某種planet的形成相關的理論,雖然長但簡單,文章結構如下(建議大家在時間緊張的狀況下考慮先把握結構):
第一段:
傳統觀點認為XXX的形成是這樣的,但是這種觀點被新近的觀點質疑了,因為:(1)怎麼樣;(2)怎麼樣  (此處有細節題,或說是例子的作用題,相對簡單吧)(文中的一些星星和和木星有關,但無所謂了,為了不分散精力就不具體說了)
第二段:
這種新的有關planet的形成觀點的解釋有如下兩種機理:(1);(2)via scattering(關鍵字,有細節題故寫出這個關鍵字)
還有一個主旨題,相對簡單,不用愁
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319279&page=1

講星系的形成,老觀點是太陽系的行星是圍繞太陽形成的,由於若干理由。。。新觀點是行星是自己形成的,給出兩個SUPPORTING IDEA,第二段是說解釋了這個理論存在的兩個MECHANISM,第一個。。。第二個是分散理論,說的是要是行星軌道之間太近的話會導致他們分散,這個理論考到了,所以我記得住。比較難

某種P. Planet的形成一直以來都認為是因為在太陽系中離軌道遠近origin的。但對Jupiter-like Planet的發現顛覆了這種觀點,認為P. Planet is migrated. 因為Jupiter-like Planet軌道tight沒有sufficient space to origin than in lager orbit.(原句為倒裝句,出了兩道inference題)

12. 氣候學家  氣候變暖  核電站
版本一:
有一篇講現在的氣候學家不僅關心全球變暖還關心一種使氣溫變低的物質,是由核電站產生的。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319461&page=1

說weather become warm 怎麼怎麼著。power station 怎麼影響氣候warming,應該是大正小負。這有一道題是問power station有什麼negative influence,還有一道舉例作用題

一段說科學家關注大氣warming問題和關注cooling問題是equally的,說了原因,大氣裏面一種東西可以使大氣變cool,講了為什麼科學家對此問題如此關注;
第二段,這種東西的壞處除了會使大氣變冷外還會mask greenhouse問題,舉個例子,因為當什麼power如果全部eliminated,這種物質就rapidly消失了,而大氣的溫度也不冷了,但是這樣就會把原來greenhouse所造成的warming突出出來了(相當於取消了抵消的作用),導致了大氣比正常的temperature高出了很多,(有題),這樣比顯現出來的危害更大;
有主旨題,好像選介紹了一個effect of phenomenon

還有一篇RC是關於從power station釋放出來的一種particle會導致全球的最高溫度的平均值降低。主要原理是它們可以增加雲層,反射日照。還講到它們造成的影響與Green House Effect的關係。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:56:47编辑过]
8#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

13. 企業的革新問題
版本一:
一篇是說四個派別對企業技術革新的不同看法。派別一的兩個同學說小企業不利於革新,因為資金不充裕,大企業資金充裕為了搶佔市場份額就投資革新。派別二的另兩個同學說大企業不利於技術革新,因為大企業都比較官僚,等級制度森嚴,固步自封。又有另兩個同學說中型企業兼具大企業和小企業的有點,更利於技術革新。

第二段又出現兩個同學說上面說的著眼點都不對,企業革新與公司規模沒什麼必然聯繫,然後blabla說企業技術革新取決於企業的性質行業地位和管理層對技術革新的看法。

題目出的不難,對派別一的觀點問了個問題,定位容易。對派別四的觀點問個個問題。然後問了個primary purpose of the passage is....
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319456&page=1

版本二:
1、大公司和小公司誰更有可能投資于技術創新
第一段說大公司,給了很多人的理論支持
第二段說小公司,因為第一段忽略了一個重要因素
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319827&page=1

版本三
大,小,中型企業哪個更innovative,以及決定innovative的其實與企業的size沒有關係。有個主旨題,不難,還有道題問支持小企業更有創造力的人會醉同意那個說法

200405-Gavin
開頭就給出的innovation 的定義。(注意有題,選項有點搞。 好像定義給的是the introduction of new technoloy into the products.定義不難,選項表達比較討厭,而且應該在閱讀最後一題上面,所以大家一定要回去再定位一下。)然後說A的觀點,大公司innovation有優勢。中間羅索了一大堆。 好像沒題。然後B又出來說,反對。 小公司才會。 因為大公司官僚主義。 中間又是廢話一堆。然後C又出來說,反對,偶認為中型公司最有優勢。因為有實力,又沒有大公司的官僚主義。(注意這裏有問題,好像是B最不贊成C什麼?大家緊扣兩個人的觀點就是了,具體答案記不住啦。應該是最有優勢方面著手。)然後還有什麼NN又出來什麼觀點。偶看到這裏時,都快被ETS搞昏了。(提醒大家,這裏出來狂多的人,而且都是兩個兩個出來的,大家最好首字母提煉一下,搞清楚誰是什麼觀點。)此NN的觀點偶記不住啦。反正最重要的一句話就是, a large company will cannibalize (好像是這個單詞吧) its innovation. 對此有解釋:就是take innovation so soon that their products will soon obsolete. (天,偶的英文表達狂差,這句話說得真awkward. 不是原話,但是意思肯定沒錯。這點偶平時就這樣認為,國內很多企業就這樣,也不學學人家日本企業。 雖然偶最討厭日本,哎喲打住,跑題了。) 注意,這裏考題了。考的是CR類型的, 好像是問assumption. 原話不記的了。反正邏輯挺清晰的。
200405-Gavin
大中小型企業比較 (05/12/2004) 關於大中小型企業哪種好,提出傳統的三個觀點,後來又有2個人,認為innovator的觀念(attitude),willing to change才是最重要的。
200405-Gavin
某牛人提出技術創新是產品在新技術條件下的改進(有題目,細節題目),然後有一AA 說大公司容晚進行技術創新,是因為大公司錢多,資源多,容易整合。接著兩個人E和T提出其實啊小公司更容易技術創新,因為大公司大,容易官僚。強對比,有題目。接著又有DD說其實啊中型公司更容易技術創新,是因為其有大公司和小公司均有的優勢。最後,作者態度終於出來了:其實上面幾種說法都不充分,技術創新要考慮公司的organization and structure之類的,然後給了一些支持。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 18:57:41编辑过]
9#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

14. 植物生長理論
版本一
還有一個關於野生植物生存的兩種理論。一是競爭生存。一是侵略生存。第二段用兩種植物來舉例說明,其實兩種理論都不全面。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319456&page=1

版本二
講一個什麼seedling的兩種理論,文章很長,很著急得掃完了,記得不是很清楚。
大致是首段介紹了這兩種理論的內容,一種說生長的情況是什麼跟周圍的植物競爭的結果。接下來有人做了一個實驗觀察兩種植物的生長情況,一年兩季的植物,結果兩季的生長情況並不完全一樣,然後分別用兩種理論解釋這種現象產生的原因。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319990&page=1

15. 澳大利亞 土地  鹽化
有一篇閱讀是澳大利亞土地鹽化的,講了三個理論,作者贊同最後一個。
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319628&page=1

土地鹽鹼化問題,第一段兩個不同科學家給出兩個解釋,這一段對這兩個解釋問了很多問題,一種是RAINFALL造成的,另一種。。。

補充-Again
Austrilia土地盐化背景文章Surprisingly in such a dry continent as Australia, salinity occurs when there is too much water. To understand why salinisation occurs, you need to know about ground water.

Ground water rising
Ground water is, as the name implies, water in the ground. Usually, somewhere below the surface of the soil, the soil is saturated with water. It is not quite like an underground lake – the water is most commonly held within the soil profile rather than in some vast underground cavern. The top surface of the ground water layer is called the water table.

Ground water recharge is the amount of water being added to the ground water. If this is higher than discharge, which is the amount of water lost from the ground water, then the water table rises. As it does, the water dissolves salt held in the soil profile, and the salt becomes more and more concentrated as the water moves upwards. If the salty water keeps rising, it eventually reaches the surface and subsurface layers of the soil. The water evaporates, leaving the salt behind.

Why is the ground water rising?
In our quest to prepare Australian soils for agriculture, we cleared trees by the billion. Yet trees played a crucial role in maintaining the water balance in our ancient soil profiles. It was our success in clearing trees that has led to the development of dryland salinity. (Irrigated-land salinity is caused by a similar effect – the application of excess water to land causes the water table to rise. The problem is made worse if the irrigation water itself is also saline.)

Trees help control ground water levels in two ways: by decreasing recharge and by increasing discharge.
  Decreasing recharge. Most ground water recharge is supplied by rainfall (except in the case of irrigated-land salinity), and more of it reaches the ground water when trees are cleared. This is because trees develop extensive root systems to trap the water, which is then used for tree growth or returned to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration. Scientists estimate that the amount of water that percolates below the root zone of crops and pastures can be 10 to 100 times the amount percolating below trees.
  Increasing discharge. Trees also play a role in discharging ground water. The roots of many Australian tree species reach down deep into the ground, often making contact with the water table. During drought, such trees use this water in order to survive and keep growing. In contrast, annual crops that farmers plant on cleared land usually don't have deep roots. Moreover, many crops only grow during winter, spring and early summer while most Australian trees require water all year round.

Trees: Weapons against salt?
If salinisation is caused by the removal of trees from the landscape, it seems logical that putting them back will solve the problem. Farmers throughout the country, including those in zones most affected by salinisation, have embarked on a massive tree-planting campaign, giving hope that the rural landscape will recover from its many ailments, including salinisation. The ability of trees to reduce salinisation is still not fully known, although they have been shown to lower water tables in some areas. Australian scientists continue to investigate the potential of trees to reclaim saline areas and to prevent currently unaffected land from becoming salty.

In the meantime, programs such as the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program have produced guidelines to ensure that any trees planted have the maximum positive benefit. For example, healthy, highly productive trees will be more effective than less productive trees in lowering water tables because they will use more water. Some farmers may be tempted to plant trees on the salty areas, but unless these are specially adapted to saline soils they may not grow well and therefore not play much of a role in solving the salt problem. In some situations, trees planted higher up in the catchment, in areas of high recharge, may be more effective. And, in general, the more trees planted, the more impact they will have on water table levels.

Other weapons against salt
Tree-planting is just one of many strategies that show promise in the fight against salinity. For example, deep-rooted perennial crops such as lucerne lower water tables and may often be a viable alternative to trees. In places where soils are likely to remain saline for some time, salt-tolerant species such as saltbush – which can be eaten by sheep – have had some success. And scientists and agriculturalists are working to enhance the salt tolerance of other plant species through breeding programs.

Innovative farmers are experimenting with other possible solutions. For example, driven by the knowledge that salt is a potentially valuable product, some farmers are pumping their saline ground water into evaporation ponds. The salt harvested from these ponds can be sold as a raw material in the production of important chemicals such as sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide, or as table salt.

Related sites
  Salinity – our silent disaster (The Slab, Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
  Australian Broadcasting Corporation (transcripts)
 The curse of the salt in Western Australia (Earthbeat, 27 October 2001)
 Hidden heart of Australia (Ockham's Razor, 23 July 2000)
 Overcoming salt (Ockham's Razor, 22 March 1998)
  Trees, water and salt (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia)
  Soil salinity tolerance of plants for agriculture and revegetation (Department of Agriculture, Western Australia)
  Museum Victoria
 Saline solutions: Goulburn Valley, Victoria
 Assault on salt: Loddon Plains, Victoria
  Alley farming in Australia (Joint Venture Agroforestry Program, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation)

-------------------------------------------------

補充-junyue

15.澳大利亚盐化补充一点背景文章,转自一位CDer.

So where does the salt come from?

The sources of salt involved in dryland salinity are: rainfall (cyclic salt), rock weathering, aeolian deposits and ancient seas (connate salts).
                

Cyclic salts

Cyclic salts are those salts which are included in water evaporated from oceans and deposited over coastal areas. Rainwater generally contains 10 to 30mg/l of salts. Studies have shown that in Australia the rainfall input of salts is as great as 300kg/ha/yr near the coast, about 30kg/ha/yr 250km inland and about 15kg/ha/yr more than 600km inland.
                

Salts from rainfall only become a problem when there is not enough precipitation to flush the deposited salts from the soil profile via leaching
. The salts will accumulate and if they are subsequently released then they will become an environmental issue.

Connate salts

Connate salt is salt incorporated in marine sediments at the time of deposition. The sediments were deposited by inland seas millions of years ago that naturally contained large quantities of salts. For example, the Wiannamatta Shale Group of the Sydney
                Basin were deposited by a retreating ocean (marine regression) during the Tertiary. These shales contain salt from seawater trapped during the time of deposition. These shales provide the salts responsible for salinity outbreaks in Western Sydney.

Continued weathering of rocks will release salts. This is generally not a source for large quantities of salt because large amounts of water are required for weathering reactions to occur. This means that if there is a continual flux of water salts will be flushed through the system rather than accumulating.

The Australian continent is geologically very old and so has had a long time for salts to naturally accumulate in the landscape. During this time the landscape has been affected by climatic oscillations (change) between glacial
and interglacial conditions. During periods of aridity, winds were capable of blowing salt laden dust from western New South Wales to the east. One such period was the Pleistocene, when the climate was significantly more arid than today and strong easterly winds carried significant quantities of this salt laden Aeolian dust from the Murray
                Darling
                Basin and deposited it on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. It is the mobilisation of these salts incorporated in debris flows that is today the major source of salt for the dryland salinity occurrences on the Southern Tablelands.

            




[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-13 15:16:12编辑过]
10#
 楼主| 发表于 2008-5-12 18:26:00 | 只看该作者

16. 北美語言起源
版本一:
有關北美語言的起源問題
http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardID=22&ID=319827&page=1

關於北美語言起源的,認為北美的語言起源不可能是一個,然後講了一個人理論,最後點評了一下該理論的缺陷。

南美rodents本來認為起源於北美,新證據發現,現在覺得更貌似起源於非洲

17. 關於捆綁銷售
版本一
說公司喜歡把產品捆綁銷售,有兩中捆綁銷售的方式,消費者有的時候會認為捆綁的商品中有一些是浪費錢的,所以企業也會單獨銷售個別產品。
有一個題問文章主要內容是什麼,我選的是介紹不同的捆綁銷售策略。

版本二
第二篇:講promotion的
說商店把商品綁定出售,這會使消費者心裏上感覺那個商品是廉價貨,不想去買,(這裏有道細節題,問你商品被bond會怎樣?)
然後商店就把商品分開賣

捆綁銷售的那道題,先說捆綁銷售,再說一種特殊的捆綁銷售,問main idea.因為兩段的TS都是一種捆綁銷售容易混淆成compare two selling strategy
說weather become warm 怎麼怎麼著。power station 怎麼影響氣候warming,應該是大正小負。這有一道題是問power station有什麼negative influence,還有一道舉例作用題

版本三
第一段:捆綁理論之一的市場拓展理論,應用於銷售單獨幾種產品時,這種策略有明顯的優點,比如:簡單操作,風險較小,而且不影響單體銷售(這裏有個題,挺複雜的沒記住,大家看到這裏要當心)但是在實行這個策略的時候也要小心,絕對不能讓捆綁的價格高於單體銷售時合買的價格,否則顧客會認為捆綁得裏面有wasteful的part。後來還有個有關服務業的東東,記不清了,後來舉了個信用卡公司的例子,有什麼保險服務、消費服務等等,但是說即使知道客戶不可能使用裏面的全部服務,這樣做也是值得的。

第二段:介紹了loyal 理論,舉了個穀物公司的例子,就是說,捆綁銷售必須全部使用自己家的產品,這樣可以避免顧客再去比較競爭公司的產品從而轉變。
有一道主旨題,一個是評價捆綁理論的有效性,還有一個是評價兩個理論的優缺點。我選前一個。

說商店把商品綁定出售,這會使消費者心裏上感覺那個商品是廉價貨,不想去買,(這裏有道細節題,問你商品被bond會怎樣?)
然後商店就把商品分開賣

一個是 關於promotion的,用focus group做預調查,預測某種產品的可能的銷售情況,討論了這一方法的四種缺陷

考了捆綁銷售的那道題,先說捆綁銷售,再說一種特殊的捆綁銷售,問main idea.因為兩段的TS都是一種捆綁銷售容易混淆成compare two selling strategy

200805-Gavin
version1:
文章不難,題目一般
最後一句話出了兩題,就是那個無論那種策略,都不會影響企業單獨銷售的產品的銷量
第一個問從文中可以推出什麼,定位最後一句捆綁銷售不影響單獨銷售
主題題有兩個選項比較難區別: 
*說文章是present兩種銷售方式的效果
*說是compare兩種捆綁策略
第三題是類比題,定位還是最後一句,只有一個選項符合文章敍述好像是消費者隨便買了捆綁銷售的東西,但是還可以另外買其中的某一樣東西

version2:
bundle saling strategy, introduce two types, one is xx hurdling, for example, credit card company, the other
is loyalty bundling,解釋了下,文章容易,問題較難,由主題題,答案無法確定。....這我選說明兩個strategy的不同,有另一個關於sales的選項,讓我很猶豫,好像還有一個類比題

version3:
企業銷售的BUNDLING策略可以降低推廣難度,減少推廣時間,策略有兩種,一種是打包銷售,顧客對其中一種感興趣就會買下所有產品,一種是忠誠策略,是為了防治顧客購買競爭對手產品。無論那種策略,都不會影響企業單獨銷售的產品的銷量

version4:
2 types of market bundling
xx bundling - card card 可以 extend into insurance, 等markets
loyalty bundling - 在cereal box 加其他品種...
regardless the type of bundling, 公司要 make sure market to the right customers
Q1 - 大意題 - 其中有 compare two market strategies
Q2 - Something like which of following is implied: (A) market bundling 會令customer 反感 become counterproductive; (B)如customer 不感興趣, market bundling會affect profits

以下為參考資料~
"捆綁銷售" 英文對照:bundling selling; binding selling; bundling of;
"捆綁銷售" 在工具書中的解釋:
不同的產品被歸入一個組合,按一個組合價格進行銷售。捆綁銷售的產品大多具有互補的特性。互補性產品的組合銷售,可以滿足消費者比較全面的需求。其組合價格一般低於各元件價格之和。許多消費者接受捆綁銷售,是因為購買方便與節省開支。對市場而言,捆綁銷售容易造成壟斷。


[此贴子已经被作者于2008-5-12 19:01:37编辑过]
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