GWD所有阅读逻辑图日记-每天更新（20070913--...)

elinaqu

阅读最近总是突破不了，所以开此贴督促自己的阅读总结，因为前辈NN说，GWD的阅读要比OG的好，更接近考试时的真题，所以我会每天至少贴一套GWD中的4篇阅读的逻辑图。

欢迎大家提意见，能够指教阅读的提高方法将万分感谢

*我就不信我的阅读突破不了，It is time to be serious. Watch Me!!

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-13 10:39:49编辑过]

elinaqu

WD1-Q4 to Q6:

      The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil

       War) political history and women’s his-

       tory use separate sources and focus

       on separate issues.（主题句观点一与

第二段的首句对应可知本文是新老观

点对比型）（1）  Political histori-

  (5)     ans, examining sources such as voting

records, newspapers, and politicians’

writings, focus on the emergence in the

1840’s of a new “American political

nation,” and since women were neither

 (10)     voters nor politicians, they receive little

discussion.（2）  Women’s historians, mean-

while（表并列的副词，说明如下内容将和上文或并列或形成对比）

, have shown little interest in the

subject of party politics, instead draw-

ing on personal papers, legal  records

 (15)     such as（举例可略读） wills, and records of  female

associations to illuminate women’s

domestic lives, their moral reform

activities, and the emergence of the

woman’s rights movement.

（概括这一段，A这个时期，政治历史学家和妇女历史学家利用不同的资源关注不同的问题，

政治历史学家专注政治很少讨论妇女问题，妇女历史学家很少关注政治而专注paper等一推东东)

 

 (20)           However（重要的强转折词，提醒新一观点的提出）, most historians have

underestimated
        （负评价实意动词）the extent and signifi-

cance of women’s political allegiance（提出了本文讨论的核心词）

in the antebellum period.  For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，举例的关键看前后的总结句，通常会是for example前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了）

       in the presidential election campaigns

 (25)     of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party

strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s

women by inviting them to rallies and

speeches.  According to Whig propa-

ganda, women who turned out at the

 (30)     party’s rallies gathered information

that enabled them to mold party-loyal

families, reminded men of moral values

       that transcended party loyalty, and con-

ferred moral standing on the party.

 (35)     Virginia Democrats, in response,

       began to make similar appeals to

women as well.  By the mid-1850’s

the inclusion of women in the rituals of

party politics had become common-

 (40)     place, and the ideology that justified

such inclusion had been assimilated

by the Democrats.  （这一段提出新的观点，低估了women’s political allegiance，并举例子证明了它起的作用）

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q4: 

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
        新老观点对比型，文章主要观点在转折后的新观点（很重要），原文定位应该在第二段

（main idea ）
                    

1. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women

2. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement

3. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period

4. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties

5. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

 

主题题，直接定位第二段首句主题句

However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q5:

According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda（定位在第二段举例中间部分） included the assertion that

（supporting idea ）

1. women should enjoy more political rights than they did

2. women  were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family

3. women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values

4. women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior

5. women’s presence at rallies would enhance
               the moral standing of the party

 

直接事实题找关键词在文中定位

According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the
        party’s rallies gathered information
        that enabled them to mold party-loyal
        families, reminded men of moral values
        that transcended party loyalty, and conferred
            moral standing on the party.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q6: 

According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-1850’s?
        （定位在第二段举例后半部分）

（supporting idea ）

             

1. They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.

2. They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politics had led to the Whigs’ success in many elections.

3. They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.

4. They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’s rights movement.

5. They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.

 

直接事实题找关键词在文中定位

Virginia Democrats, in response,
        began to make similar appeals to
        women as well.  By the mid-1850’s
        the inclusion of women in the rituals of
        party politics had become commonplace, and the ideology that justified
        such inclusion had been assimilated
        by the Democrats

 

（文中未出现的信息要果断排除，千万不能超出文章的范围猜测）

elinaqu

GWD1-Q9 to Q12:

      Over the last 150 years, large

       stretches of salmon habitat have

       been eliminated by human activity:

Line      mining, livestock grazing, timber

  (5)     harvesting, and agriculture as well

as recreational and urban devel-

opment.  The numerical effect is

obvious:  there are fewer salmon

in degraded regions than in pris-

(10)        tine ones; however,（转折词后强调重点）

habitat loss
  also has the potential to reduce

genetic diversity.  This is most

evident in cases where it results

in the extinction of entire salmon

 (15)     populations.  Indeed, most

analysts believe that some kind

of environmental degradation

underlies the demise of many

extinct salmon populations.

 (20)     Although some rivers have

       been recolonized, the unique

       genes of the original populations

have been lost.（让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）

这一段总结human activity使—〉salmon habitat减少，而habitat的减少—〉也会造成genetic diversity的减少。所以环境的恶化是一些salmon物种消失。human activity—〉salmon habitat—〉genetic diversity的减少）

 

 

      Large-scale disturbances in

 (25)     one locale also have the potential

to alter the genetic structure of

populations in neighboring areas,

even if those areas have pristine

habitats.  Why? （明显标志下文开始解释）
   Although the

 (30)     homing instinct of salmon to their

natal stream is strong, a fraction

of the fish returning from the sea

       (rarely more than 15 percent)

stray and spawn in nearby

 (35)
     streams.
  （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）
   Low levels of straying

are crucial, since the process

provides a source of novel

genes and a mechanism

      by which a location can be

 (40)    repopulated should the fish

there disappear.  Yet
   （转折词后强调重点）
   high rates

of straying can be problematic

because misdirected fish may

interbreed with the existing stock

 (45)     to such a degree that any local

adaptations that are present

become diluted.  Straying

rates remain relatively low when

environmental conditions are

 (50)     stable, but can increase dramati-

cally when streams suffer severe

disturbance.  The 1980 volcanic

eruption of Mount Saint Helens,

for example（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，举例的关键看前后的总结句，通常会是for example前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了）, sent mud and debris

 (55)     into several tributaries of the

Columbia River.  For the next

couple of years, steelhead trout

(a species included among the

salmonids) returning from the

 (60)     sea to spawn were forced to

find alternative streams.  As

a consequence, their rates of

straying, initially 16 percent,

rose to more than 40 percent

(65)        overall.

（这一段概括，即使是在好的环境下，
  Large-scale disturbances也会造成genetic structure的变化。会造成high rates

of straying会造成genetic问题，而severe disturbance造成rates of straying增加 

Large-scale disturbances—〉high rates of straying –〉genetic structure的变化
  ）

      Although no one has quantified

changes in the rate of straying

as a result of the disturbances

caused by humans, there is no

 (70)     reason to suspect that the effect

would be qualitatively different

than what was seen in the

aftermath of the Mount
   Saint

Helens eruption.  （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）

Such a dra-

 (75)     matic increase in straying from

damaged areas to more pristine

streams results in substantial

gene flow, which can in turn lower

the overall fitness of subsequent

generations.

 

 

总结increase in straying from
  damaged areas to more pristine
  streams results in substantial
  gene flow,

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q9:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

（Main idea ）
              

1. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative

2. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity

3. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations

4. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats

5. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

 

 

结论解释性文章主旨题找概括全面的，包括信息多且严谨的选项

Indeed, most
  analysts believe that some kind
  of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations

 

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q10:

It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a
   mechanism by which

（Inference ）
  找到问题中的关键词回文章定位

             

1. pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves
       

2. the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved without dilution

3. the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams

4. an environmentally degraded stream
       could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover

5. the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated

 

 

D这两句话怎么理解翻译？

since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which  a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear

should the fish there disappear=if the fish there should disappear 

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q11:

According to the passage, human activity
  定位在第一段has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?

（supporting idea ）找到问题中的关键词回文章定位

             

1. An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers

2. A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers

3. A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers

4. A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams

5. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction

 

 

The numerical effect is
  obvious:  there are fewer salmon
  in degraded regions than in pristine ones;

 

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q12:

The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to

举例作用题

 

 

1. provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct

2. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere

3. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured

4. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams

5. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

 

 

increase in straying from
  damaged areas to more pristine
  streams results in substantial
  gene flow, which can in turn lower
  the overall fitness of subsequent
  generations.

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-13 13:52:24编辑过]

elinaqu

GWD1-Q25 to Q28:
            现象解释型

      Recently biologists have been

       interested in a tide-associated

       periodic behavior displayed by

Line      the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a

  (5)     microscopic golden-brown alga that

inhabits that portion of a shoreline

washed by tides (the intertidal zone).

Diatoms of this species, sometimes

called “commuter” diatoms, remain

 (10)     burrowed in the sand during high

tide, and emerge on the sand sur-

face during the daytime low tide.

Just before the sand is inundated by

the rising tide, the diatoms burrow

 (15)     again.  Some scientists hypothesize

that commuter diatoms know that it

is low tide because they sense an

environmental change, such as an

alteration in temperature or a change

 (20)     in pressure caused by tidal move-

       ment.  However（转折词后强调重点）, when diatoms are

       observed under constant conditions

in a laboratory, they still display

periodic behavior, continuing to bur-

 (25)     row on schedule for several weeks.

This indicates that commuter diatoms,

rather than relying on environmental

cues to keep time, possess an inter-

nal pacemaker or biological clock

 (30)     that enables them to anticipate peri-

odic changes in the environment.

A commuter diatom has an unusu-

       ally accurate biological clock, a

consequence of the unrelenting

 (35)
              environmental pressures to which

it is subjected; any diatoms that do

not burrow before the tide arrives

are washed away.

（这一段主要是commuter diatom这种生物有a tide-associated
        periodic behavior，科学家假设和环境有关，然而实验证明是因为possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock
        ）

 

      This is not to suggest that the

 (40)    period of this biological clock is

immutably fixed.  Biologists have

concluded that even though a

diatom does not rely on the envi-

ronment to keep time, environmental

 (45)     factors—including changes in the

tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salin-

ity, mechanical agitation, and

temperature—can alter the period

of its biological clock according to

 (50)     changes in the tidal cycle.  In short,（表示解释）

the relation between an organism’s

biological clock and its environment

is similar to that between a wristwatch

and its owner:  the owner cannot

 (55)     make the watch run faster or slower,

but can reset the hands.  However,
        （转折词后强调重点）

this relation is complicated in intertidal

dwellers such as commuter diatoms

by the fact that these organisms are

 (60)     exposed to the solar-day cycle as

well as to the tidal cycle, and some-

times display both solar-day and

tidal periods in a single behavior.

Commuter diatoms, for example,

 (65)     emerge only during those low tides

that occur during the day.

 

（这一段主要是说environmental factors can alter the period
        of its biological clock according to
        changes in the tidal cycle,并举例解释）

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q25:

The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy （定为第一段的后半部分）of the commuter diatom’s biological clock?

             

1. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock varies according to changes in the tidal cycle.

2. The unusual accuracy that characterizes the commuter diatom’s biological clock is rare among intertidal species.

3. The commuter diatom’s biological clock is likely to be more accurate than the biological clock of a species that is subject to less intense environmental pressures.

4. The commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to be more accurate than the biological clocks of most other species because of the consistency of the tidal cycle.

5. The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to fluctuate when the diatom is observed under variable laboratory conditions.

 

A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock, a
        consequence of the unrelenting
        environmental pressures to which
        it is
        subjected; any diatoms that do
        not burrow before the tide arrives
        are washed away.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q26:

The author of the passage compares the relationship between an organism’s biological clock and its environment to the relation between a wristwatch and its owner most probably in order to (举例作用题找他要说明的论点)

 

1. point out a fundamental difference between the function of biological clocks in organisms and the use of mechanical clocks by humans

2. illustrate the way in which the period of an organism’s biological clock
                   can be altered by environmental factors

3. suggest that there are important similarities between the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom and the biological clock in humans

4. support an argument regarding the methods used by certain organisms to counteract the influence of the environment on their biological clocks

5. question the accuracy of the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom
                     

 

Biologists have
        concluded that even though a
        diatom does not rely on the environment to keep time，
            environmental factors
            can alter
            the period
        of its biological clock according to
        changes in the tidal cycle

 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q27:

According to the passage, the periodic behavior displayed by commuter diatoms under constant laboratory conditions（定位第一段后部） is characterized by which of the following?

             

1. Greater unpredictability than the corresponding behavior under natural conditions

2. A consistent periodic schedule
                   in the short term

3. No difference over the long term from the corresponding behavior under natural conditions

4. Initial variability caused by the constant conditions of the laboratory

5. Greater sensitivity to environmental factors than is the case under natural conditions

 

when diatoms are
        observed under constant conditions
        in a laboratory, they still display
        periodic behavior, continuing to burrow on schedule for several weeks.

 

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q28:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

1. dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata

2. describe how certain tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata have changed over time

3. compare tide-associated behavioral rhythms to solar-day behavioral rhythms in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

4. examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata

5. identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

 

 

elinaqu

 

 

GWD1-Q35 to Q37:

      In corporate purchasing,

       competitive scrutiny is typically

       limited to suppliers of items that are

Line      directly related to end products.

  (5)     With “indirect” purchases (such as

computers, advertising, and legal

services), which are not directly

related to production, corporations

often favor “supplier partnerships”

 (10)     (arrangements in which the

purchaser forgoes the right to

pursue alternative suppliers), which

can inappropriately shelter suppliers

from rigorous competitive scrutiny

 (15)     that might afford the purchaser

economic leverage.  There are two

independent variables—availability

of alternatives and ease of changing

suppliers—that companies should

 (20)     use to evaluate the feasibility of

       subjecting suppliers of indirect

       purchases to competitive scrutiny.

This can create four possible

situations.

 (25)           In Type 1 situations, there are

many alternatives and change is

relatively easy.  Open pursuit of

alternatives—by frequent com-

petitive bidding, if possible—will

 (30)     likely yield the best results.  In

Type 2 situations, where there

are many alternatives but change

       is difficult—as for providers of

employee health-care benefits—it

 (35)
              is important to continuously test

the market and use the results to

secure concessions from existing

suppliers.  Alternatives provide a

      credible threat to suppliers, even if

 (40)    the ability to switch is constrained.

In Type 3 situations, there are few

alternatives, but the ability to switch

without difficulty creates a threat that

companies can use to negotiate

 (45)     concessions from existing suppliers.

In Type 4 situations, where there

are few alternatives and change

is difficult, partnerships may be

unavoidable. 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q35:

Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first?
        文章结构

             

1. The second paragraph offers proof of an assertion made in the first paragraph.

2. The second paragraph provides an explanation for the occurrence of a situation described in the first paragraph.

3. The second paragraph discusses the application of a strategy proposed in the first paragraph.

4. The second paragraph examines the scope of a problem presented in the first paragraph.

5. The second paragraph discusses the contradictions inherent in a relationship described in the first paragraph.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q36:

Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?
        推断题

             

1. They cannot be sustained unless the goods or services provided are available from a large number of suppliers.

2. They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they would in a competitive-bidding situation.

3. They typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier
                   rather than the purchaser.
               无关比较点

4. They are not feasible when the goods or services provided are directly related to the purchasers’ end products.

5. They are least appropriate when the purchasers’ ability to change suppliers is limited.( 像most, least, best这样的选项一定要注意)

 

With “indirect” purchases which are not directly
        related to production, corporations
        often favor “supplier partnerships”(arrangements in which the
        purchaser forgoes the right to
        pursue alternative suppliers), which
            can inappropriately shelter suppliers
            from rigorous competitive scrutiny
            that might afford the purchaser economic leverage  这句话的意思是SP使供货方免受审查
        而审查能给购买方带来经济上的好处
        意思是会便宜点

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD1-Q37:

According to the passage, which of the following factors distinguishes an indirect purchase from other purchases?

 

1. The ability of the purchasing company to subject potential suppliers of the purchased item to competitive scrutiny

2. The number of suppliers of the purchased item available to the purchasing company

3. The methods of negotiation that are available to the purchasing company

4. The relationship of the purchased item to the purchasing company’s end product

5. The degree of importance of the purchased item in the purchasing company’s business operations

 

With “indirect” purchases which are not directly
        related to production, corporations
        often favor “supplier partnerships”

dennyhuang

顶一下，elina你会修成正果的。向你学习！

qianrene

请问elina，GWD的阅读是不是要等GWD套题作完了以后再做啊，你好认真，一定可以考好的，加油哦~~~~

phoebelulu

elina,你的精神真的很打动我哦，每一项都踏踏实实的做好，就是成功的前提，相信你，无论现在是什么样的，一定会有很好的成绩，也一定会实现理想！我也会加油，一起加油吧！

julianfl

佩服你的精神！你一定能考出好成绩：）

elinaqu

以下是引用qianrene在2007-9-13 16:57:00的发言：

请问elina，GWD的阅读是不是要等GWD套题作完了以后再做啊，你好认真，一定可以考好的，加油哦~~~~

qianrene, MM，是的，我是第二遍做的这个工作，每天都会做一套GWD，然后晚上就开始第二边简图的分析，希望能有效果，还在黑暗中摸索，就像今天北京的天