GWD所有阅读逻辑图日记-每天更新（20070913--...)

elinaqu

GWD7-Q34 to Q36:

      Firms traditionally claim that they

       downsize (i.e., make permanent

       personnel cuts) for economic reasons,

Line       laying off supposedly unnecessary staff

  (5)      in an attempt to become more efficient

and competitive.  Organization theory

would explain this reasoning as an

example of the “economic rationality”

that it assumes underlies all organi-

 (10)      zational activities引子.  There is evidence

that firms believe they are behaving

rationally whenever they downsize; yet

recent research has shown that the

actual economic effects of downsizing

 (15)      are often negative for firms.  Thus,

organization theory cannot adequately

explain downsizing; non-economic

factors must also be considered.

One such factor is the evolution of

 (20)      downsizing into a powerful business

       myth:  managers simply believe that

       downsizing is efficacious.  Moreover,

downsizing nowadays is greeted

favorably by the business press; the

 (25)      press often refers to soaring stock

prices of downsizing firms (even though

research shows that stocks usually

rise only briefly after downsizing and

then suffer a prolonged decline).

 (30)      Once viewed as a sign of desperation,

downsizing is now viewed as a signal

that firms are serious about competing

       in the global marketplace; such signals

are received positively by key actors—

 (35)
                    financial analysts, consultants,

shareholders—who supply firms with

vital organizing resources.  Thus, even

if downsizers do not become economi-

      cally more efficient, downsizing’s mythic

 (40)     properties give them added prestige

in the business community, enhancing

their survival prospects.

Downsize是为了提高公司的效能和竞争力，然而却有negative的效果

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Q34:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

1. criticize firms for engaging in the practice of downsizing

2. analyze the negative economic impact of downsizing on firms
                   B为什么不对？

3. offer an alternative to a traditional explanation for the occurrence of downsizing

4. chronicle how perceptions of downsizing have changed over time

5. provide evidence disputing the prevalence of downsizing

Answer:

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Q35:

The passage suggests that downsizing’s mythic properties can be beneficial to a downsizing firm because these properties

             

1. allow the firm to achieve significant operating efficiencies

2. provide the firm with access to important organizing resources

3. encourage a long-term increase in the firm’s stock price

4. make the firm less reliant on external figures such as financial analysts and consultants

5. discourage the firm’s competitors from entering the global marketplace

Answer:

 

such signals are received positively by key actors—— financial analysts, consultants, shareholders—who supply firms with vital organizing resources.

 

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Q36:

The passage suggests which of the following about the claim that a firm will become more efficient and competitive by downsizing?

             

1. Few firms actually believe this claim to be true.

2. Fewer firms have been making this claim in recent years.

3. This claim contradicts the basic assumption of organization theory.

4. This claim is called into question by certain recent research.

5. This claim is often treated with skepticism by the business press.

Answer:

recent research has shown that the
            actual economic effects of downsizing are often negative for firms.  Thus,
            organization theory cannot adequately
            explain downsizing;

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elinaqu

GWD-8-Q4-Q6

Frazier and Mosteller assert that

medical research could be improved by

a move toward larger, simpler clinical

Line      trials of medical treatments. Currently,

(5)        researchers collect far more background

information on patients than is strictly

required for their trials—substantially more

than hospitals collect—thereby escalating

costs of data collection, storage, and

(10)       analysis. Although（让步，强调后半句） limiting information

collection could increase the risk that

researchers will overlook facts relevant

to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend

that such risk, never entirely eliminable

(15)       from research, would still be small in most

studies. Only in research on entirely new

treatments are new and unexpected variables

likely to arise.

FM认为药物研究可转为药物治疗的临床尝试，risk总是或多或少的存在

 

Frazier and Mosteller propose
                not

(20)       only that researchers limit data collection

on individual patients but also that

researchers enroll more patients in clinical

trials, thereby obtaining a more representative

sample of the total population with

(25)       the disease under study. Often researchers

restrict study participation to patients

who have no ailments besides those being

studied. A treatment judged successful

under these ideal conditions can then

(30)       be evaluated under normal conditions.

Broadening the range of trial participants,

Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would

enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s

efficacy for diverse patients under

(35)       various conditions and to evaluate its

effectiveness for different patient subgroups.

For example, the value of a

treatment for a progressive disease may

vary according to a patient’s stage of

(40)       disease. Patients’ ages may also affect

a treatment’s efficacy.

 

FM建议不只是研究个案而是要更多的临床的病人，扩大研究范围使得更有效

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GWD-8-Q4 :

According to the passage, Frazier and Mosteller believe which of the following about medical research?

1. It is seriously flawed as presently conducted because researchers overlook facts that are relevant to the subject of their research.

2. It tends to benefit certain subgroups of patients disproportionately.

3. It routinely reveals new variables in research on entirely new treatments.

4. It can be made more accurate by limiting the amount of information researchers collect. （是方式不是准确性）

5. It cannot be freed of the risk that significant variables may be overlooked.

 

Although limiting information collection could increase the risk that
            researchers will overlook facts relevant
            to a study, Frazier and Mosteller contend
            that such risk, never entirely eliminable from research, would still be small in most studies. Only in research on entirely new
            treatments are new and unexpected variables
            likely to arise.

 

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GWD-8-Q5 :

The author mentions patients’ ages(line 40) primarily in order to 举例作用题为了说明上下文论证的观点，所以一般找它前面的那句话

1. identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients

2. cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research

3. indicate why progressive diseases may require different treatments at different stages

4. illustrate a point about the value of enrolling a wide range of patients in clinical trials

5. substantiate an argument about the problems inherent in enrolling large numbers of patients in clinical trials

 

Broadening the range of trial participants, Frazier and Mosteller suggest, would enable researchers to evaluate a treatment’s efficacy for diverse patients under various conditions and to evaluate its effectiveness for different patient subgroups

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GWD-8-Q6 :

The passage is primarily concerned with

1. identifying two practices in medical research that may affect the accuracy of clinical trials

2. describing aspects of medical research that tend to drive up costs

3. evaluating an analysis of certain shortcomings of current medical research practices

4. describing proposed changes to the ways in which clinical trials are conducted

5. explaining how medical researchers have traditionally conducted clinical trials and how such trials are likely to change

 

Frazier and Mosteller assert that medical research could be improved by a move toward larger, simpler clinical trials of medical treatments.

northface

没更新了。。可惜啊 要是全弄完了可是史诗般的杰作啊！

clarissaren

感谢楼主 刚刚做完这篇现在开始好好研究

Chloe_

分析的好仔细！！！~ 谢谢楼主~~~