再问 ：gwd-8-7、gwd-8-9!! 斑斑释疑！！！

jenny22

Q7 to Q10:

      The system of patent-

         granting, which confers

         temporary monopolies for

Line  the exploitation of new tech-

  (5)  nologies, was originally

established as an incentive

to the pursuit of risky new

ideas.  Yet studies of the

most patent-conscious

 (10)  business of all—the semi-

conductor industry—suggest

that firms do not necessarily

become more innovative as

they increase their patenting

 (15)  activity.  Ziedonis and Hall,

for example, found that

investment in research and

development (a reasonable

proxy for innovation) did

 (20)  not substantially increase

          between 1982 and 1992,

          the industry’s most feverish

period of patenting.  Instead,

semiconductor firms simply

 (25)  squeezed more patents out

of existing research and

development expenditures.

Moreover, Ziedonis and

Hall found that as patenting

 (30)  activity at semiconductor

firms increased in the

1980’s, the consensus

         among industry employees

was that the average quality

 (35) of their firms’ patents

declined.  Though patent

quality is a difficult notion

to measure, the number of

        times a patent is cited in

 (40) the technical literature is

a reasonable yardstick, and

citations per semiconductor

patent did decline during

the 1980’s.  This decline in

 (45)  quality may be related to

changes in the way semi-

conductor firms managed

their patenting process:

rather than patenting to win

 (50)  exclusive rights to a valuable

new technology, patents

were filed more for strategic

purposes, to be used as

bargaining chips to ward

 (55)  off infringement suites or

as a means to block

competitors’ products.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7:

The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

             

1. a study suggesting that the semiconductor industry’s approach to patenting during the period from 1982 to 1992 yielded unanticipated results

2. a study of the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 that advocates certain changes in the industry’s management of the patenting process

3. the connection between patenting and innovation in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992

4. reasons that investment in research and development in the semiconductor industry did not increase significantly during the period from 1982 to 1992

5. certain factors that made the period from 1982 to 1992 a time of intense patenting activity in the semiconductor industry

Answer: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q9:

The passage makes which of the following claims about patent quality in the semiconductor industry?

             

1. It was higher in the early 1980’s than it was a decade later.

2. It is largely independent of the number of patents granted.

3. It changed between 1982 and 1992 in ways that were linked to changes in research and development expenditures.

4. It is not adequately discussed in the industry’s technical literature.

5. It was measured by inappropriate means during the period from 1982 to 1992.

Answer:

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

jenny22

Q7: 答案为A.

请问C为何不对？ 根据topic sentence ：Yet studies of the most patent-conscious 
                        business of all—the semi- conductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting 
                    activity.

我觉得C更接近主题句所表达的意思！

Q9：答案为A。 个人觉得这并不是一个合理的答案，A中的对比文中并没有明显指出。

然而根据对全文的理解，B的表述是没有问题的。 所以我觉得B选项更好！

欢迎大家讨论。尤其是主题题的选择标准，还不是很清楚。

顾风

关于第七题，请注意文中有如下转折可以证明A答案更合适。

　首先，文章开头说到：The system of patent-
            

         granting, which confers

         temporary monopolies for

Line  the exploitation of new tech-

  (5)  nologies, was originally

established as an incentive

to the pursuit of risky new

ideas. 

这说明了一个anticipate

但是，文章接下来说：Yet studies of the

most patent-conscious

 (10)  business of all—the semi-

conductor industry—suggest

that firms do not necessarily

become more innovative as

they increase their patenting

 (15)  activity. 

答案A有效的表达了这样的关系。我觉得C不太合适，首先，C没有表明作者的态度，其次如果是注重connection的阐述这样的文章，MM可以想像一下，应该怎么写，是不是应该至少从不同角度描述一下。而且，文章后面部分着重在于分析，不在于研究具体是什么样的connection，这也说明只是指明connection是不合适的。

most patent-conscious

 (10)  business of all—the semi-

conductor industry—suggest

that firms do not necessarily

become more innovative as

they increase their patenting

 (15)  activity. 

答案A有效的表达了这样的关系。我觉得C不太合适，首先，C没有表明作者的态度，其次如果是注重connection的阐述这样的文章，MM可以想像一下，应该怎么写，是不是应该至少从不同角度描述一下。而且，文章后面部分着重在于分析，不在于研究具体是什么样的connection，这也说明只是指明connection是不合适的。

顾风

第九题，答案A在原文是可能定位的：

Though patent

quality is a difficult notion

to measure, the number of

        times a patent is cited in

 (40) the technical literature is

a reasonable yardstick, and

citations per semiconductor

patent did decline during

the 1980’s. 

反过来就说明了A的情况。。。

B答案应该是MM自己的infer,我觉得这个infer是有缺陷的。我也可以这么推，因为 company的strategy改变了，patent的目的的改变了，patent的数量变多了，所以质量下降了。那换句话说，patent的数量变多了不能完全独立于质量。因为它在逻辑推理中，文章并没有任何obvious的说明，表述了质量与数量无关。相反有潜在的暗示。基于数量变多的原因，会导致质量下降。。。

jenny22

谢谢你的解答。

关于Q7， 我现在可以接受A答案了。一开始排除A在于对它提到的“apporach”表示怀疑，现在看来，可以认为文中“ Instead, semiconductor firms simply  squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures. ” 可以表达“approach ”的意思。最主要的 确实还是“yielded unanticipated results”表明了作者的态度。 这一点是C 比不上的。

jenny22

其实我更想追问的是：主题题答案的选择标准！

的确大部分主题题相对明显，也比较好选出， 但也不乏如上提到的Q7这样的比较具有迷惑性的选项。

请问顾风斑斑 ， 有哪些内容或要素是主题题的正确答案必须包括的，在区分迷惑选项的时候如何快速排除 ？？？

再次感谢

顾风

。。。这个问题好难回答。。。

我觉得多关注一些转折的语气词，连词，是把握作者的写作目的的一个方法吧

jenny22

就像上题，作者态度的正确表达（unexpected），是否可以认为是主题题中正确答案优于其它的迷惑选项的标准之一？？

顾风

不是很明白你的问题。。。

很多文章被称为驳论型式的文章，它的要点在于，开篇一上来就先提出作者要反对，或者不赞成，不支持的观点。然后话锋一转，就开始叽叽歪歪。如果后面的内容切题的话。主旨题应该把这种对比关系有所反应。。。

jenny22

你的意思就是，文章明显有论述重点的，主题题的表述应该剔除旁枝末节， 直接反映文章重心；

如果是类似你所说的“驳论型式的文章”，或是一些讨论某个话题但平均用力，重点不突出的，则要相应反映之间关系或作者夹杂其中的态度。

不知道我的理解时候正确？

感谢你的耐心，希望我的话不会让你很费解