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41#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-25 14:53:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用dorbear在2003-9-25 13:51:00的发言:
先回答问题:
  3、结论题(conclusion)是推论的一种,是针对文章整体的推论,一般出现在段落开始或结尾部分。既然结论是推论的一种特殊情况,在一道推论题中,结论和推论不可能同时出现在选项;换言之,如果出现任何一个,肯定是答案;



[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-25 14:11:32编辑过]



可是有题就同时出现啊
8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. Over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the Internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. As the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. So the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.
The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument
参考答案: D


B和D我不是很清楚
如果说premise 和fact一样
conclusion inference一样
那怎么选啊

42#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-25 15:11:00 | 只看该作者
这道题目同样是类似的纯逻辑踢

LSAT,4,TWO 7,

Two paleontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion.

7. The disagreement between the two paleontologists is over which one of the following?

(A) the relative significance of various aspects of the evidence

(B) the assumption that early hominid footprints are distinguishable from other footprints

(C) the possibility of using the evidence of footprints to determine the gait of the creature that made those footprints

(D) the assumption that evidence from one paleontologic site is enough to support a conclusion

(E) the likelihood that early hominids would have walked upright on two feet

答案:A,它的理解是不是,两个人用同样的例子的不同作用来支持各自的观点

那么,C为什么不对

43#
发表于 2003-9-25 22:37:00 | 只看该作者
Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion.

they both interprete the evidence (footprint) and try to get some findings from the footprint. so C is wring. Dr. Ree doesn't doubt the possibility of using the evident---

what he reject is the conclusion from this evidence. we may say that  he think the evident is not sufficient enough to make such a conclusion.



[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-25 22:37:18编辑过]
44#
发表于 2003-9-26 00:52:00 | 只看该作者
可是有题就同时出现啊
8. the survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and magazines. over the past several years, however, the advance of electronic media, particularly cd-roms, online computer services, and the internet, has made information available to the public electronically without the need for printed materials. as the availability of electronic media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less need for printed materials. so the publishing industry is threatened by the advance of the computer information age.
the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
(a) the first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
(b) the first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.
(c) the first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.
(d) the first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.
(e) the first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument
参考答案: d


b和d我不是很清楚
如果说premise 和fact一样
conclusion inference一样
那怎么选啊
=====================================================
刚才查了一下以前对此题的讨论,好像分歧较大。首先,第二句话是结论,不是推论。第一句话是论据之一。其他任何的划分都没有必要了。此题的答案是(B), 分析如下:
(A) 错在第二句话:the second is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.
第一句话只是结论成立的论据之一,并不是唯一的。
(B) 正确;
(C) 错在第二句话:the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument. 刚才说过,第二句话是结论,不是推论,其间的区别在于推论重在局部,结论重在全体。
(D) 两句话都错了;首先 The first is the fact that must be true是错误的,我们不知道对错,我们也用不着知道,反正是原文告诉我什么我就知道什么,但要问我它到底是真的还是假的,不知道。记住:有效的命题(VALID ARGUMENT)并不要求其所有的论据为真; 所有论据为真的命题不一定是有效的命题。所有论据为真的有效命题称为完美命题(SOUND ARGUMENT),这是一个规则。
其次第二句话:the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.同样,混淆了推论和结论。
(E) 错在第二句话:the second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument。

这里对PREMISE, ACTUAL FACT, EVIDENCE 没有做任何区分,完全是一个东西。只是注意推论和结论的区分。我在上一个贴子上说明的是:在推论题型中,推论和结论不可能同时出现在选项里;但在结论题或其他题型中,当然可能同时出现。

个人意见!
45#
发表于 2003-9-26 01:00:00 | 只看该作者
我的意见是:

简单讲,我认为fact是不可能做premise。因为premise是an idea that you use to support another theory。that idea can be wrong. but fact is that thing happened indeed in the past, it must be true.

举一个例子:
在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。
我是男孩子且在热恋
所以,我也要送花(后面的但是我没钱,能否像你借钱somethings like that)

在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。(大前提)
我是男孩子且在热恋(小前提)
所以,我也要送花(结论)

由此看出,前提是一种理论,我认为正确,从而推出有利于我的或我想要得结论。决不是一个事实。至于“在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。“是不是事实,(例如,就有女追男的吗!) who knows! who care! that is my premise.

这时你可以说:“我们邻居小张就是送的花,结果去年就结婚了。“

这就是一个事实,用来支持你的论证。
实际上8题并不是一个推论性的论证。他实际上是一个因果关系
先描述了一个现象,然后提出了一个因果论证。
希望对你有所帮助。
fyhllj








[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-26 1:06:50编辑过]
46#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-26 16:33:00 | 只看该作者
还没仔细看

先谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢

两位GG这么晚了还帮忙解答题目

小晴实在是无限感激ing !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
47#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-26 17:01:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用fyhllj在2003-9-26 1:00:00的发言:
我的意见是:

简单讲,我认为fact是不可能做premise。因为premise是an idea that you use to support another theory。that idea can be wrong. but fact is that thing happened indeed in the past, it must be true.

举一个例子:
在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。
我是男孩子且在热恋
所以,我也要送花(后面的但是我没钱,能否像你借钱somethings like that)

在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。(大前提)
我是男孩子且在热恋(小前提)
所以,我也要送花(结论)

由此看出,前提是一种理论,我认为正确,从而推出有利于我的或我想要得结论。决不是一个事实。至于“在热恋中,所有男孩子都要给女孩子送花。“是不是事实,(例如,就有女追男的吗!) who knows! who care! that is my premise.

这时你可以说:“我们邻居小张就是送的花,结果去年就结婚了。“

这就是一个事实,用来支持你的论证。
实际上8题并不是一个推论性的论证。他实际上是一个因果关系
先描述了一个现象,然后提出了一个因果论证。
希望对你有所帮助。
fyhllj











这样讲的是不是,premise是已经即存的现象是吗,把这种现象用一种陈述加肯定的语气描述出来是不是就是premise,
那这样的premise 和assumption是一个样子的吧

前提是男的追女的都送花,这个也可能当作一个assumption对不,因为有可能有人说,男的追女的不一定送花的

由此我想到一些的推论题或是演绎类的题目

GG刚刚说premise是不一定正确的,而fact是肯定正确的,因为已经发生了
所以在选项中,如果要weaken的话,是不是决不能去反对fact,而只能去质疑它的premise or assumption ?
对吗

还有,照这样的讲来,其实隐含的前提如果没有告诉你的话,是不是可以当做结论来推的

比如
你在热恋
你送你女朋友花(然后再是别的证明,比如证明你是男的,是典型的男的之类的一干废话……)

那是不是有可能会推出:所有在热恋的男的都送女的花

而这个是不是从fact ------conclusion的一个演绎过程呢?
而这里的,你是男的这个能不能做另外一个premise呢,还是仅仅是fact or evidence呢?
我的意思是,premise是不是可以做conclusion呢

有些推论题的话,是不是可以根据看他隐含的premise而推出conclusion呢?


[此贴子已经被作者于2003-9-26 17:02:34编辑过]
48#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-26 17:12:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用dorbear在2003-9-26 0:52:00的发言:
(C) 错在第二句话:the second is the inference that must be drawn from this argument. 刚才说过,第二句话是结论,不是推论,其间的区别在于推论重在局部,结论重在全体。


推论重局部是不是说 inference做名词表示推论,就是仅能从前面的一些fact中推
而结论是综观的

如果做动词,比如what can you infere from the passage?这个时候,他问你的是结论吧?

以下是引用dorbear在2003-9-26 0:52:00的发言:
  记住:有效的命题(VALID ARGUMENT)并不要求其所有的论据为真; 所有论据为真的命题不一定是有效的命题。所有论据为真的有效命题称为完美命题(SOUND ARGUMENT),这是一个规则。


有效命题的意思是不是只要能够推出结论的就是有效的
论据真就推出真正对的结论,论据错就推出谬论,对吗?


以下是引用dorbear在2003-9-26 0:52:00的发言:
( 其次第二句话:the second is the inference that can be correctly drawn from this argument.同样,混淆了推论和结论。


个人意见!


应该只能说can be drawn from the above evidence that~~~~~~~对吧

那我觉得用argument好象也不好,如果改为the second is the conclusion that can be correctly drawn from this argument
也不对吧,conclusion应该也是从事实中来的吧
我觉得应该说the second is the conclusion of  this argument
这种看法对吗?


还有就是,应该有了must draw from
can be only drawed from这类绝对话的词应该都不对的是吧
49#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-26 17:14:00 | 只看该作者
以下是引用dorbear在2003-9-26 0:52:00的发言:

这里对PREMISE, ACTUAL FACT, EVIDENCE 没有做任何区分,完全是一个东西。只是注意推论和结论的区分。我在上一个贴子上说明的是:在推论题型中,推论和结论不可能同时出现在选项里;但在结论题或其他题型中,当然可能同时出现。

个人意见!


不是很明白
是说演绎类的题和归纳类的题的区别吗
50#
 楼主| 发表于 2003-9-26 17:30:00 | 只看该作者
我现在还有个疑惑,就是mid conclusion 和inference的区别

翻翻自己的记的东西,发觉不知什么时候记下的

mid conclusion不是客观事实,是通过题目给的条件做出的一定的推论

那么mid  conclusion 和inference 是一样的吗

比如这是一道JJ的BF题
boldface 科学家们用基因工程的方法培育种子),这种种子可以不用杀虫剂,但是这种子却很贵,(所以对农民来说,用这种种子可以不用杀虫剂的好处实际上被此种子较高的成本所抵消了),但是考虑到现代人比较重视绿色食物,指不含杀虫剂的,所以科学家的这种方法还是会普及的。 要注意二者都不是最终结论,还有,对第二点作者也是承认的。

好象答案说是第二句就是一个mid conclusion
那么,能不能说这也是一个根据前面两个事实得到的inference呢
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