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Archaeologists studying ancient Maya pottery have discovered that it contains a material which can be used to accurately date the artifacts. However, this material degrades over time, making it difficult to determine the age of older pottery. Interestingly, an identical dating material is found in modern Maya pottery. Which of the following, if true, would best explain the presence of the dating material in both ancient and modern Maya pottery?
(A) The climate conditions in Maya regions have remained stable over the last several millennia, slowing the deterioration of pottery.
(B) Maya potters have closely guarded the secret of their pottery techniques, passing them down through generations.
(C) Archaeologists often consult modern Maya potters to better understand ancient pottery manufacturing methods.
(D) The dating material is naturally occurring and is still readily available in the clay sources used by modern Maya potters.
(E) Some Maya pottery was not fired at high enough temperatures to fully harden the clay, making it more susceptible to deterioration.
A country is planning to replace its $1 bills with $1 coins. Although the coins have a higher production cost per unit than the bills, the government estimates this change will result in significant cost savings over the next several decades. Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain these projected savings?
(A) The $1 coins will be made primarily from a low-cost metal alloy that is unlikely to appreciate in value over time.
(B) It is less expensive for the government to store large quantities of coins in secure facilities compared to storing bills.
(C) When citizens lose bills or take them out of circulation to save as collectibles, it creates a net cost for the government.
(D) The government plans to set aside a portion of the savings from switching to $1 coins to fund anti-counterfeiting measures.
(E) On average, a $1 bill remains in circulation for approximately 6 years before wearing out, while $1 coins typically last over 30 years.
DE
IN THE decades-long duel for naval supremacy that was fought out between Britain and France at the end of the 18th century, the British fleet had a secret weapon. It was, as secret weapons often are, hugely expensive. But it paid off, giving British ships more speed, manoeuvrability and staying power than their French rivals. It was copper.By covering the underwater parts of their ships' hulls with copper plates, which slowly dissolved, releasing toxic copper ions as they did so, the British admirals stopped barnacles, mussels and burrowing clams from taking up residence. In fleets that were otherwise well-matched the result was decisive. France lost. The British Empire became the global superpower of the 19th century. And the world speaks English, not French.
Ship-fouling, then, can have serious consequences. Even now, when naval supremacy is less of an issue, the problem is rife. The drag imposed by a heavy infestation of barnacles may push a ship's fuel consumption up by as much as 40%. The solution usually adopted is similar to the Royal Navy's: poison. Copper is still used, though in the form of copper-containing paint. Another popular chemical is tri-butyl tin. But releasing toxic heavy metals into the sea is frowned on these days—indeed, tri-butyl tin is now illegal in many places—so the search is on for alternatives.
One possibility is to use one of a group of chemicals called avermectins. These are antiparasite agents (the most familiar is called, confusingly, ivermectin) that are used against fleas and gut worms. They also, according to Hans Elwing of the University of Gothenburg, in Sweden, prevent barnacle colonies from taking hold by stunting their growth. A barnacle that runs into the chemical finds it cannot bind as strongly to the surface. Only a tiny amount, about one part in a thousand of the paint by weight, is needed, and other marine species are not, as far as can be ascertained, affected. Another way of discouraging barnacles is to confuse them. A formula developed by Giancarlo Galli of the University of Pisa uses polymer molecules that are water-attracting on one side and water-repellent on the other. When they are painted onto a surface this arrangement forces them into a kind of chequerboard pattern which makes it much harder for barnacles and mussels to stick, according to David Williams, who is in charge of commercialising the idea at AkzoNobel, a multinational chemical company.
If chequerboarding does not work out, AkzoNobel has an alternative: create a surface so smooth that barnacles cannot hold onto it. This is done using a fluoropolymer—a chemical similar in structure to Teflon. The paint does not stop the animals attaching themselves to a hull in the first place, but once the vessel is moving faster than ten knots, the water sweeps them away. That is no problem for commercial vessels, which are always on the go. But for pleasure boats, which may spend a lot of time idle, Dr Williams's team is trying to improve the formula so that a boat need not be moving so fast before the paint does its job.
Small boats, particularly on inland waterways, are also the target of work by John Schetz of the University of North Texas and Robert McMahon, of the University of Texas. They have been experimenting with a mixture containing a molecule similar to capsaicin (the active ingredient of hot peppers) and another that is similar to THC (the active ingredient of cannabis).
Fouling is less of a problem for boats in fresh water, as barnacles are purely marine. But, recently, the inland waterways, docks and freshwater-intakes of North America have been overrun by zebra and quagga mussels—species that originate from the area around the Black Sea. The mixture Dr Schetz and Dr McMahon have come up with seems particularly effective against these animals, though they have yet to commercialize it.
Their aim is not just to help boat owners, but also to stop them unwittingly spreading the mussels still further. According to Dr McMahon, a big part of the problem is that both species can survive out of the water for several days, so transporting a boat overland from one river basin to another, as is common practice in North America, will not necessarily kill them. Also, boat owners are not always as diligent as they might be about inspecting their vessels for signs of infestation—and even if they do look, the mussels can be hard to see, especially when they are young, and therefore small.
There is thus a lot to play for. Saving fuel will save money, as well as cutting shipping's contribution to greenhouse-gas emissions. And stopping the spread of invasive mussels will make life easier for those who run the waterways of America and Canada. The prize may not, this time round, be world domination. But whoever comes up with the winning formula is at least likely to become rich.
Question 1: The passage suggests which of the following about the British navy's use of copper plating on ships' hulls in the late 18th century?
(A) It was a closely guarded military secret that gave the British a significant advantage over the French.
(B) It was an expensive but necessary measure to maintain the speed and maneuverability of British ships.
(C) It was a preventative measure against barnacles and other marine organisms that could slow down ships.
(D) It was a tactic that allowed the British to establish naval supremacy and build a global empire.
(E) It was an innovation that was quickly adopted by the French navy to level the playing field.
Question 2: According to the passage, which of the following best describes the current approach to preventing ship-fouling?
(A) Most ships still rely on copper plating, as it remains the most effective method of preventing barnacle growth.
(B) The use of toxic heavy metals like copper and tri-butyl tin is the most common solution, despite environmental concerns.
(C) Alternative methods using chemicals like avermectins and capsaicin-like molecules are now widely used in the shipping industry.
(D) Researchers are actively seeking new, environmentally friendly alternatives to replace the use of poisonous substances.
(E) Ship owners have largely abandoned the use of anti-fouling measures due to the high costs and environmental risks involved.
Question 3: The passage mentions all of the following as potential alternative methods for preventing ship-fouling EXCEPT:
(A) Using avermectins to stunt the growth of barnacle colonies
(B) Creating a confusing surface pattern using polymer molecules
(C) Developing an extremely smooth surface using fluoropolymers
(D) Applying a mixture containing capsaicin and THC-like molecules
(E) Encouraging the growth of predatory marine species that feed on barnacles
Question 4: According to the passage, which of the following is true about the zebra and quagga mussels in North America?
(A) They are native species that have recently experienced a population boom in inland waterways.
(B) They are invasive species that originated from the Black Sea region and have spread rapidly.
(C) They primarily affect coastal marine environments and have not significantly impacted freshwater systems.
(D) They are a problem for boat owners because they can survive out of water for several weeks.
(E) They are easily detected and removed from boats due to their large size and visible appearance.
Question 5: The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to:
(A) Advocate for the continued use of heavy metals in anti-fouling paints despite environmental concerns
(B) Compare the effectiveness of various anti-fouling methods used throughout history
(C) Highlight the economic and environmental importance of developing new anti-fouling technologies
(D) Argue that the British navy's use of copper plating was the most significant factor in its victory over France
(E) Describe the biological mechanisms by which barnacles and mussels attach to ship hulls
Question 6: Which of the following can be inferred about the drag caused by barnacle infestations on ships?
(A) It can be reduced by up to 40% through the use of anti-fouling measures.
(B) It has a negligible impact on a ship's fuel consumption and overall performance.
(C) It affects military vessels more severely than commercial ships due to differences in hull design.
(D) It can significantly increase a ship's fuel consumption, potentially by as much as 40%.
(E) It is a problem that has been largely eliminated in modern times due to advanced anti-fouling technologies.
Question 7: The author mentions the work of Dr. Schetz and Dr. McMahon primarily to:
(A) Provide an example of a promising new anti-fouling solution specifically targeting small boats in freshwater environments
(B) Illustrate the differences between anti-fouling approaches used in marine and freshwater settings
(C) Emphasize the importance of boat owners being diligent in inspecting their vessels for signs of mussel infestation
(D) Suggest that the use of capsaicin and THC-like molecules is the most effective method for preventing zebra and quagga mussel infestations
(E) Argue that the spread of invasive mussel species is a more pressing concern than the fouling of boat hulls by barnacles
Question 8: Based on the information in the passage, which of the following can be inferred about the commercialization of anti-fouling technologies?
(A) Most anti-fouling research is conducted by academic institutions with little involvement from commercial companies.
(B) Anti-fouling solutions developed by researchers are often quickly adopted and widely used in the shipping industry.
(C) The potential financial rewards for developing an effective anti-fouling formula are a significant motivator for researchers and companies.
(D) Environmental regulations have made it nearly impossible for new anti-fouling products to be commercially viable.
(E) The high cost of developing and testing new anti-fouling technologies has deterred most companies from investing in this area.
DDEBCDAC
Yuefu poetry, which emerged during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE), represents a significant development in the history of classical Chinese literature. Originally referring to the Music Bureau, a government institution responsible for collecting and managing musical performances, Yuefu gradually evolved into a distinct poetic genre. Yuefu poems often drew inspiration from folk songs and ballads, reflecting the lives and experiences of common people, while also incorporating elements of court music and entertainment. This unique blend of popular and elite culture imbued Yuefu poetry with a vibrant, expressive, and emotionally resonant quality.
One of the defining characteristics of Yuefu poetry is its use of the "Bi Xing" (比兴) technique, which involves the use of metaphor, allusion, and symbolism to convey complex emotions and ideas. Through vivid imagery and evocative language, Yuefu poets sought to create a rich tapestry of meaning that could engage the reader's imagination and stir their feelings. This emphasis on emotional expression and artistic craftsmanship set Yuefu poetry apart from earlier forms of Chinese poetry, which often focused on moral didacticism or political commentary.
Another notable feature of Yuefu poetry is its thematic diversity. Yuefu poems cover a wide range of subjects, from love and romance to war and politics, from the joys and sorrows of everyday life to the grandeur and majesty of the natural world. This breadth of subject matter reflects the genre's origins in popular culture, as well as its ability to adapt to the changing tastes and concerns of Chinese society over time.
Some of the most famous examples of Yuefu poetry include "Mo Shang San" (陌上桑), a poem about a young woman's longing for her absent lover; "Mu Lan Ci" (木兰辞), which tells the story of a legendary female warrior; and "Gu Shi Shi Jiu Shou" (古诗十九首), a collection of nineteen poems that showcase the range and depth of Yuefu artistry. These and other classic Yuefu poems have had a lasting impact on Chinese literature, influencing generations of poets and writers up to the present day.
Despite its many achievements, Yuefu poetry also faced challenges and criticisms during its development. Some scholars argued that the genre's emphasis on emotionalism and individualism undermined the Confucian values of restraint and social harmony. Others claimed that the increasing popularity of Yuefu poems among the literati class led to a decline in artistic quality, as poets began to focus more on technical virtuosity than on authentic expression.
Nevertheless, the legacy of Yuefu poetry endures as a testament to the creativity, passion, and resilience of the Chinese poetic tradition. Its influence can be seen in later poetic forms such as the Shi (诗) and Ci (词), as well as in the works of countless individual poets who drew inspiration from its themes, techniques, and aesthetic principles. Today, Yuefu poetry remains an important subject of study and appreciation for scholars and enthusiasts of Chinese literature around the world.
Questions:
- What was the original meaning of the term "Yuefu" in the Han Dynasty? (A) A type of musical instrument (B) A government institution responsible for collecting and managing musical performances (C) A specific poetic form characterized by its use of rhyme and meter (D) A school of philosophical thought that emphasized the importance of music in cultivating moral character (E) A group of traveling musicians and performers who entertained audiences throughout China
- Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Yuefu poetry? (A) Its focus on moral didacticism and political commentary (B) Its use of the "Bi Xing" technique to convey complex emotions and ideas (C) Its strict adherence to a fixed set of formal rules and conventions (D) Its exclusion of themes and subjects related to everyday life and popular culture (E) Its emphasis on technical virtuosity over emotional expression
- Yuefu poetry is known for its thematic diversity. Which of the following is NOT a common theme in Yuefu poems? (A) Love and romance (B) War and politics (C) The joys and sorrows of everyday life (D) The grandeur and majesty of the natural world (E) Abstract philosophical concepts and metaphysical speculation
- Which of the following is a famous example of Yuefu poetry? (A) "Shi Jing" (诗经) (B) "Chu Ci" (楚辞) (C) "Mu Lan Ci" (木兰辞) (D) "Tao Te Ching" (道德经) (E) "Analects" (论语)
- Some scholars criticized Yuefu poetry for its emphasis on emotionalism and individualism, claiming that it: (A) Undermined the Confucian values of restraint and social harmony (B) Led to a decline in the overall quality of Chinese literature (C) Encouraged a hedonistic and self-indulgent lifestyle among the literati class (D) Represented a radical break from earlier poetic traditions and conventions (E) All of the above
- The influence of Yuefu poetry can be seen in later Chinese poetic forms such as: (A) Shi (诗) and Ci (词) (B) Fu (赋) and Qu (曲) (C) Sao (骚) and Ge (歌) (D) Bei (碑) and Ming (铭) (E) None of the above
- Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Yuefu poetry and popular culture? (A) Yuefu poetry was entirely separate from popular culture and was only appreciated by the elite class. (B) Yuefu poetry drew inspiration from popular culture but did not significantly influence it in return. (C) Yuefu poetry and popular culture existed in a state of constant tension and opposition. (D) Yuefu poetry both drew from and contributed to popular culture, creating a dynamic exchange of ideas and artistic forms. (E) The relationship between Yuefu poetry and popular culture is unknown and cannot be determined from historical sources.
- The "Gu Shi Shi Jiu Shou" (古诗十九首) is significant in the history of Yuefu poetry because it: (A) Represents the earliest known examples of Yuefu poems (B) Demonstrates the range and depth of Yuefu artistry (C) Marks the end of the Yuefu tradition and the beginning of a new era in Chinese poetry (D) Is the only surviving collection of Yuefu poems from the Han Dynasty (E) None of the above
- Which of the following best describes the overall tone and style of Yuefu poetry? (A) Solemn, moralizing, and didactic (B) Lighthearted, humorous, and satirical (C) Philosophical, introspective, and abstract (D) Passionate, expressive, and emotionally resonant (E) Detached, objective, and analytical
- The legacy of Yuefu poetry is significant because it: (A) Represents a high point in the development of classical Chinese literature (B) Reflects the values and aesthetics of Han Dynasty society (C) Influenced later generations of Chinese poets and writers (D) Continues to be studied and appreciated by scholars and enthusiasts around the world (E) All of the above
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发表于 2024-9-10 07:06:09
