揽瓜阁训练营 第169天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

小白斩鸡

之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

每日的解析在揽瓜阁2024群更新

RC题源：揽瓜阁精读的文章+机经的题目
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1.CR
A bookstore owner makes the following claim: "The very best books rarely become immediate best-sellers, but they typically experience strong sales over an extended period." Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the bookstore owner's claim?
(A) Most books that receive major literary awards see a significant increase in sales immediately after the award announcement.
(B) The majority of best-selling books maintain their high sales figures for several years after their initial release.
(C) Books that explore controversial topics or feature unconventional writing styles tend to sell fewer copies than those with more mainstream appeal.
(D) A significant proportion of books that become best-sellers are written by authors who have previously won major literary awards for earlier works.
(E) Several books that have maintained strong sales for many decades have never won a major literary award.

Archaeologists have recently discovered an ancient inscription that mentions the deaths of two kings from neighboring kingdoms. The inscription does not include a date, but historical records show that one king died in 653 AD and the other in March of the same year. Based on this information, some experts claim that the inscription must have been written in 653 AD.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the experts' claim?
(A) The inscription was written in a language that was commonly used in both kingdoms during the 7th century AD.
(B) The inscription was found in a region that had close cultural and economic ties to both kingdoms.
(C) In the 7th century AD, news of a king's death typically took several months to reach neighboring kingdoms.
(D) The deaths of both kings were the result of a long and bitter war between their two kingdoms.
(E) The inscription also mentions several other historical events that are known to have occurred in the mid-7th century AD.

答案
EC

2.RC
John Aeschliman turns over a shovelful of topsoil on his 4,000-acre farm in the Palouse region of eastern Washington State. The black earth crumbles easily, revealing a porous structure and an abundance of organic matter that facilitate root growth. Loads of earthworms are visible, too—another healthy sign.
Thirty-four years ago only a few earthworms, if any, could be found in a spadeful of his soil. Back then, Aeschliman would plow the fields before each planting, burying the residues from the previous crop and readying the ground for the next one. The hilly Palouse region had been farmed that way for decades. But the tillage was taking a toll on the Palouse, and its famously fertile soil was eroding at an alarming rate. Convinced that there had to be a better way to work the land, Aeschliman decided to experiment in 1974 with an emerging method known as no-till farming.

Most farmers worldwide plow their land in preparation for sowing crops. The practice of turning the soil before planting buries crop residues, animal manure and troublesome weeds and also aerates and warms the soil. But clearing and disturbing the soil in this way can also leave it vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. Tillage is a root cause of agricultural land degradation—one of the most serious environmental problems worldwide—which poses a threat to food production and rural livelihoods, particularly in poor and densely populated areas of the developing world [see “Pay Dirt,” by David R. Montgomery, on page 76]. By the late 1970s in the Palouse, soil erosion had removed 100 percent of the topsoil from 10 percent of the cropland, along with another 25 to 75 percent of the topsoil from another 60 percent of that land. Furthermore, tillage can promote the run-off of sediment, fertilizers and pesticides into rivers, lakes and oceans. No-till farming, in contrast, seeks to minimize soil disruption. Practitioners leave crop residue on the fi elds after harvest, where it acts as a mulch to protect the soil from erosion and fosters soil productivity. To sow the seeds, farmers use specially designed seeders that penetrate through the residue to the undisturbed soil below, where the seeds can germinate and surface as the new crop.

1. The passage suggests that the transition from conventional tillage-based farming to no-till farming in the Palouse region was primarily motivated by:
(A) a desire to reduce the cost of farming inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides
(B) pressure from environmental groups concerned about the impact of agriculture on local ecosystems
(C) government regulations mandating the adoption of more sustainable farming practices
(D) a growing awareness among farmers of the long-term detrimental effects of tillage on soil health and productivity
(E) the availability of new, specialized seeding equipment designed for no-till farming
2. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following hypothetical scenarios would most strongly support the claim that no-till farming can effectively combat agricultural land degradation?
(A) A study finding that fields under no-till management have lower populations of beneficial soil organisms compared to conventionally tilled fields
(B) A long-term experiment demonstrating that crop yields in no-till fields consistently exceed those in conventionally tilled fields
(C) A survey of farmers in a region prone to soil erosion showing that the majority have adopted no-till practices over the past decade
(D) A comparison of soil samples from no-till and conventionally tilled fields revealing significantly higher levels of organic matter and better soil structure in the no-till samples
(E) An economic analysis indicating that the transition to no-till farming can be costly for farmers in the short term due to the need for specialized equipment
3. The author's discussion of the extent of topsoil loss in the Palouse region by the late 1970s serves to:
(A) emphasize the severity of the soil erosion problem that motivated John Aeschliman to adopt no-till farming
(B) suggest that the region's farmers were unaware of the long-term consequences of their tillage-based practices
(C) argue that the Palouse region's soil was inherently unsuitable for agriculture and should have been left undisturbed
(D) imply that the benefits of no-till farming are limited to areas with highly erodible soils
(E) question the accuracy of the data on soil erosion rates in the Palouse region prior to the adoption of no-till farming
4. The passage suggests that, compared to the conventional practice of plowing fields before planting, no-till farming is likely to result in:
(A) increased soil erosion and reduced soil organic matter content
(B) higher levels of fertilizer and pesticide runoff into nearby water bodies
(C) reduced populations of beneficial soil organisms such as earthworms
(D) improved soil structure, increased soil organic matter, and reduced erosion
(E) more rapid warming and drying of the soil, leading to better seed germination
5. Which of the following statements best captures the central theme of the passage?
(A) The Palouse region's history of soil erosion and the potential of no-till farming to address this problem
(B) The importance of earthworms and other soil organisms in maintaining soil health and productivity
(C) The role of government policies in promoting the adoption of sustainable farming practices
(D) The economic benefits of no-till farming for farmers in terms of reduced input costs and higher crop yields
(E) The global environmental crisis of agricultural land degradation and the urgent need for more sustainable farming methods
6. The passage implies that, prior to the adoption of no-till farming, the conventional farming practices in the Palouse region were:
(A) based on a deep understanding of the long-term impacts of tillage on soil health
(B) driven primarily by a concern for maximizing crop yields in the short term
(C) influenced by the region's unique soil type and climatic conditions
(D) shaped by a long history of sustainable land management practices
(E) constrained by the limited availability of specialized farming equipment
7. According to the passage, which of the following best describes the relationship between tillage and soil erosion?
(A) Tillage is one of many factors that can contribute to soil erosion, but its impact is relatively minor compared to other causes.
(B) Soil erosion is a necessary consequence of tillage, but it can be minimized through the use of appropriate farming techniques.
(C) Tillage directly causes soil erosion by exposing the soil to the effects of wind and water.
(D) Soil erosion is a prerequisite for effective tillage, as it helps to loosen and aerate the soil.
(E) The relationship between tillage and soil erosion is poorly understood and requires further research.
8. The passage suggests that, in the context of no-till farming, the primary purpose of leaving crop residue on the fields after harvest is to:
(A) increase the amount of organic matter in the soil over time
(B) create a physical barrier that protects the soil from erosion and promotes soil health
(C) provide a food source for beneficial soil organisms such as earthworms
(D) reduce the need for chemical fertilizers by recycling nutrients back into the soil
(E) suppress the growth of weeds and other unwanted vegetation
9. Based on the information provided in the passage, it can be inferred that the adoption of no-till farming practices in regions prone to agricultural land degradation would most likely lead to:
(A) a reduction in the number of farmers who rely on animal manure as a fertilizer
(B) an increase in the use of chemical pesticides to control weeds and other pests
(C) a decrease in the overall genetic diversity of crops grown in these regions
(D) an improvement in soil quality and a reduction in the environmental impacts of agriculture
(E) a shift away from the cultivation of crops that require high levels of tillage and soil disturbance
10. The author's discussion of John Aeschliman's experience with no-till farming in the Palouse region serves to:
(A) provide a case study illustrating the potential benefits of no-till farming for soil health and erosion control
(B) argue that no-till farming is only viable in regions with similar soil types and climatic conditions to the Palouse
(C) suggest that the success of no-till farming depends primarily on the skill and experience of individual farmers
(D) highlight the importance of government support in promoting the adoption of sustainable farming practices
(E) emphasize the need for more research on the long-term impacts of no-till farming on crop yields and soil quality

DDADABCBDA


3.DI
The European Alpine region, an area of unparalleled natural beauty and ecological significance, spans across eight countries and covers an area of approximately 190,000 square kilometers. This region is characterized by its unique topography, with elevations ranging from 200 meters in the foothills to over 4,800 meters above sea level at the highest peaks, creating a mosaic of diverse habitats and microclimates. The Alps are home to an astonishing array of flora and fauna, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth, having adapted to the harsh climatic conditions and rugged terrain over millions of years of evolution. However, the rapid onset of climate change in recent decades has posed a significant threat to the delicate balance of these alpine ecosystems, leading to far-reaching consequences for the region's biodiversity, water resources, and socio-economic stability.

One of the most profound and alarming impacts of climate change on the European Alpine region is the alteration of temperature and precipitation patterns. According to recent studies conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the European Environment Agency (EEA), the average temperature in the Alps has increased by approximately 2°C since the late 19th century, which is nearly twice the global average. This warming trend has led to a decrease in the number of frost days, an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves, and a shift in the timing of seasonal events, such as snowmelt and plant flowering. These changes have cascading effects on the region's ecosystems, as many alpine species are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations and rely on specific climatic cues for their survival and reproduction. For example, the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota), a large ground squirrel native to the Alps, has been observed to emerge from hibernation earlier in the spring due to warmer temperatures, which can lead to a mismatch between its foraging behavior and the availability of its preferred food plants.

The rapid melting of glaciers and permafrost is another alarming consequence of climate change in the European Alpine region. The Alps are home to over 4,000 glaciers, which cover an area of approximately 2,270 square kilometers and serve as critical water reserves for the region, providing freshwater for agriculture, hydropower generation, and human consumption. However, since the 1980s, these glaciers have lost an estimated 20-30% of their volume, with some projections suggesting that up to 90% of the remaining glaciers could disappear by the end of the 21st century if current warming trends persist. The loss of glacial ice not only alters the region's hydrological cycle, affecting the timing and magnitude of streamflow, but also leads to the formation of new glacial lakes, which can pose a significant risk of outburst floods and debris flows to downstream communities. In fact, a study published in the journal Nature Geoscience in 2019 identified over 1,800 potential sites for future glacial lake formation in the Alps, highlighting the urgent need for monitoring and risk assessment strategies.

Climate change is also exacerbating the frequency and severity of natural hazards in the European Alpine region, such as landslides, rockfalls, and avalanches. As permafrost thaws and glaciers retreat, the stability of mountain slopes is compromised, leading to an increase in the occurrence of mass-movement events. For example, in the summer of 2003, a heatwave triggered numerous rockfalls and landslides across the Alps, causing significant damage to infrastructure and loss of life. In the Swiss Alps alone, over 1,500 rockfall events were recorded during this period, with some boulders weighing up to 1,000 tons. Furthermore, the rising global temperatures are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, which can lead to flash floods and debris flows, particularly in steep, mountainous terrain. A study published in the journal Science Advances in 2020 projected that the frequency of extreme precipitation events in the Alps could increase by up to 30% by the end of the century, highlighting the urgent need for climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies.

The impacts of climate change on the European Alpine region extend beyond the physical environment, as they also have significant implications for the region's biodiversity and ecosystems. The Alps are a global biodiversity hotspot, home to over 30,000 species of plants and animals, many of which are endemic to the region. However, many alpine species are highly adapted to specific climatic conditions and have limited ability to migrate or adapt to rapid environmental changes. As a result, climate change is leading to the upslope migration of some species, while others are facing local extinctions. For example, the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), a species of wild goat native to the Alps, has been observed to be shifting its range to higher elevations in response to rising temperatures, while the Alpine Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) has seen a significant decline in its populations due to the loss of its host plant species. A study published in the journal Nature Climate Change in 2018 found that up to 22% of alpine plant species could face extinction by 2100 due to climate change, highlighting the urgent need for conservation and adaptation strategies.

Moreover, climate change is altering the composition and structure of alpine plant communities, with far-reaching consequences for the region's ecosystems. As temperatures warm and snowmelt occurs earlier in the season, some plant species are able to colonize higher elevations, leading to the homogenization of alpine vegetation and the loss of specialist species. This shift in plant communities can have cascading effects on the region's food webs, as many alpine animals rely on specific plant species for their survival. For example, the European Alpine marmot, a large ground squirrel native to the Alps, has been found to be adversely affected by the decline in its preferred food plants due to climate change. A study published in the journal Global Change Biology in 2019 found that the body mass of Alpine marmots has decreased by over 10% since the 1980s, likely due to the reduced availability of high-quality forage.

The socio-economic impacts of climate change on the European Alpine region are also significant, as many communities rely on the region's natural resources and ecosystem services for their livelihoods. The Alps are a major tourist destination, attracting millions of visitors each year for skiing, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. In fact, tourism accounts for up to 10% of the GDP in some Alpine countries, such as Austria and Switzerland. However, the declining snow cover and the increasing frequency of natural hazards are posing a significant threat to the region's tourism industry, leading to economic losses and job insecurity. A study published in the journal Ecological Economics in 2020 estimated that the Austrian ski industry could lose up to 1.2 billion euros per year by 2050 due to reduced snow cover and shorter ski seasons. Furthermore, the changing climatic conditions are affecting the region's agriculture and forestry sectors, with impacts on crop yields, water availability, and pest outbreaks. For example, the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) has caused widespread damage to spruce forests in the Alps in recent years, facilitated by warmer temperatures and drought stress.

To address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change in the European Alpine region, a coordinated and transdisciplinary approach is needed, involving scientists, policymakers, stakeholders, and local communities. Mitigation strategies, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources, are crucial for limiting the global temperature increase and minimizing the long-term impacts of climate change. However, given the already observed and projected impacts in the Alps, adaptation strategies are equally important for enhancing the resilience of alpine ecosystems and communities. These strategies may include the establishment of protected areas and ecological corridors to facilitate species migration, the development of early warning systems for natural hazards, and the diversification of tourism activities to reduce the reliance on snow-based recreation.

Furthermore, the integration of traditional ecological knowledge and local adaptation practices can provide valuable insights for building resilience in alpine communities. For example, the use of traditional water management systems, such as the "bisses" in the Swiss Alps, can help to optimize water allocation and reduce the impacts of drought. Similarly, the revival of traditional alpine farming practices, such as transhumance and agroforestry, can contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. A study published in the journal Mountain Research and Development in 2019 highlighted the potential of traditional land-use practices for enhancing the resilience of alpine ecosystems to climate change, emphasizing the need for a more integrated and participatory approach to adaptation.

In conclusion, the European Alpine region is facing unprecedented challenges due to the rapid onset of climate change, with far-reaching consequences for its biodiversity, ecosystems, and human communities. The alteration of temperature and precipitation patterns, the rapid melting of glaciers and permafrost, and the increasing frequency and severity of natural hazards are just a few examples of the multiple stressors that are affecting the region. To address these challenges, a coordinated and transdisciplinary approach is needed, involving scientists, policymakers, stakeholders, and local communities. Mitigation and adaptation strategies, as well as the integration of traditional ecological knowledge and local adaptation practices, are crucial for enhancing the resilience of alpine ecosystems and communities. However, the complexity and scale of the challenges posed by climate change in the Alps require a long-term commitment and a willingness to embrace transformative change. This may involve the reassessment of current land-use practices, the development of new governance models, and the promotion of sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns.

Moreover, the European Alpine region can serve as a living laboratory for studying the impacts of climate change and testing innovative solutions for adaptation and mitigation. The region's diverse topography, climatic gradients, and cultural heritage provide a unique opportunity for interdisciplinary research and knowledge exchange. For example, the Alpine Climate Change Adaptation Platform (C3-Alps), established by the Alpine Convention, aims to foster transnational cooperation and knowledge sharing on climate change adaptation in the Alps. Similarly, the Interreg Alpine Space Programme supports collaborative projects on sustainable development and climate resilience in the region, involving partners from academia, public authorities, and the private sector.

Ultimately, the fate of the European Alpine region in the face of climate change will depend on the collective actions and decisions taken at multiple scales, from local communities to international policymakers. While the challenges are daunting, there are also opportunities for innovation, transformation, and collaboration. By embracing a systems approach, valuing the diversity of knowledge and perspectives, and fostering a sense of shared responsibility, we can work towards a more sustainable and resilient future for the Alps and its inhabitants. This will require a fundamental shift in our relationship with nature, a recognition of the intrinsic value of biodiversity, and a commitment to intergenerational equity and social justice.

In the words of the renowned mountaineer and environmental advocate, Reinhold Messner, "The Alps are not just a playground for tourists and adventurers, but a vital ecosystem that sustains life and provides essential services to millions of people. We have a moral obligation to protect and preserve this natural heritage for future generations, and to learn from the wisdom of those who have lived in harmony with the mountains for centuries."

As we face the challenges of climate change in the European Alpine region, let us draw inspiration from the resilience and adaptability of its ecosystems and communities, and work together towards a future where the Alps continue to thrive as a beacon of natural beauty, cultural diversity, and sustainable development.

Questions:
1. According to the passage, what is the approximate area covered by the European Alpine region?
A. 190,000 square kilometers
B. 200,000 square kilometers
C. 2,270 square kilometers
D. 4,800 square kilometers
E. 1.2 billion square kilometers

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of climate change on the European Alpine region?
A. Alteration of temperature and precipitation patterns
B. Rapid melting of glaciers and permafrost
C. Increased frequency and severity of natural hazards
D. Upslope migration and local extinction of species
E. Improved ski industry due to increased snowfall

3. The passage suggests that the average temperature in the Alps has increased by approximately _____ since the late 19th century.
A. 0.5°C
B. 1°C
C. 2°C
D. 3°C
E. 4°C

4. Which species is mentioned as an example of a species shifting its range to higher elevations in response to rising temperatures?
A. Alpine marmot
B. Alpine Apollo butterfly
C. European spruce bark beetle
D. Alpine ibex
E. European Alpine marmot

5. According to a study published in the journal Nature Climate Change in 2018, what percentage of alpine plant species could face extinction by 2100 due to climate change?
A. 10%
B. 22%
C. 30%
D. 50%
E. 90%

6. The passage mentions that tourism accounts for up to _____ of the GDP in some Alpine countries, such as Austria and Switzerland.
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 15%
D. 20%
E. 25%

7. Which of the following is mentioned as a traditional water management system in the Swiss Alps that can help optimize water allocation and reduce the impacts of drought?
A. Agroforestry
B. Transhumance
C. Bisses
D. C3-Alps
E. Interreg Alpine Space Programme

8. The passage suggests that addressing the challenges posed by climate change in the European Alpine region requires:
A. A focus on mitigation strategies alone
B. A focus on adaptation strategies alone
C. A coordinated and transdisciplinary approach involving multiple stakeholders
D. A reliance on technological solutions and engineering interventions
E. A top-down approach driven by international policymakers

9. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about the European Alpine region?
A. It is a global biodiversity hotspot, home to over 30,000 species of plants and animals.
B. It has experienced a decrease in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves due to climate change.
C. It has seen an increase in the volume of glaciers since the 1980s.
D. It is not significantly affected by changes in temperature and precipitation patterns.
E. It has a homogeneous topography, with little variation in elevation and habitat types.

10. The passage concludes by emphasizing the need for:
A. A fundamental shift in our relationship with nature and a commitment to intergenerational equity and social justice
B. A focus on short-term economic gains and the prioritization of tourism development
C. A reliance on market-based solutions and private sector investments
D. A retreat from alpine environments and a concentration of human settlements in lowland areas
E. A rejection of traditional ecological knowledge and local adaptation practices

Answers:
1. A
2. E
3. C
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. A

Ninian

CR-196
1. B ---- 正确答案E
A：与原文相反
B：对
C：什么topics无关
D：怎样的书是best seller 无关
E：有没有得奖 无关

纠正思考
(B) The majority of best-selling books maintain their high sales figures for several years after their initial release. 没抓住细节：after initial release就保持了高销售量，而文章说 最好卖的书很少立刻变成销量最高的书 与原文相悖了
原文：The very best books rarely become immediate best-sellers, but they typically experience strong sales over an extended period

(E) Several books that have maintained strong sales for many decades have never won a major literary award.
不要看到原文未提到信息就判无关！！！

2. C
原文：书什么时候写的
A：什么语言写的 无关
B：在什么地区发现的 无关
C：沾边
D：king怎么死的 无关
E：也有其他事件 无关
RC-196
1. D
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. D x --- 正确答案B （不懂，蹲一波解析）prior to no-till farming, conventional farming driven primarily by a concern for maximizing crop yields in the short term maximizing crop yields in the short term. 不懂怎么implied的
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. A

文章架构
第一段：很长一段时间以来都是tillage，但tillage不好，使土壤被侵蚀，于是有了no-till种地。
第二段：大多数农民怎么耕地的+一堆介绍。但是这种方法让土地容易被水和风侵蚀。tillage是土壤衰退的主要原因-世界环境恶化，对balabala造成伤害。1970年，土壤侵蚀造成balabala危害。
In contrast！no-till可以减少对土壤的侵害+好处（保护土壤不被侵害+增产）。+ 给出一些怎么种地和种子怎么发芽的细节。

615我的分

D169
CR
1、B，错了选E，没搞懂得不得奖有什么关系，可以说是决定这个book是不是best的？
2、C

Christalpan770

Mark一下！               

jeilham

00000000000000

vassy

Mark一下！               

狗熊要吃肉

Mark一下！               

Hihihi0024

CR
1B❌E2C

杨翠花

Mark一下！               

杨翠花

CR，我的选项：EC，答案：EC
1. C：最好的书并不是立马卖得好，但是能在比较长的时间里卖得好
加强题，立场：最好的书通常在一段时间里销售得好
我选E：一些在几十年里卖得好的书不曾获过主要的文学奖项

2. P：考古学家发现一个古代碑铭提及到附近王国的两个国王的死亡。碑铭没有日期，但是历史记录显示两个国王死亡的时间是653AD
C：这个碑铭应该也是653AD时候写的
削弱题：立场：这个碑铭不是653AD这个时候写的
逻辑链条：有别的因素表明这个碑铭写下的时间不在653AD--> 写碑铭的时间和国王死亡的时间有延迟
我选C：在AD7世纪，国王死亡的新闻一般要花费几个月才会到达隔壁的国家。【推断出消息传递需要时间，等传到写碑铭的地方已经不是653AD】