揽瓜阁训练营 第145天（含CR，RC和DI题目）

小白斩鸡

之前大家对揽瓜阁精读的反馈很好，就想着自己的时间开始把一些精读的文章根据JJ出题目～ 然后focus上线，IR需求 大家也大。就想着 把揽瓜阁的阅读 逻辑 IR 都放在这贴里打卡

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1.CR
The population of the sardine fish, a common species, has significantly declined due to overfishing. However, the government believes that the decline in the sardine population will benefit the critically endangered anchovy, another fish species. Both the sardine and the anchovy compete for the same food source, small fishes called "fishes."
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the government's belief?
Answer Choices:
A. The decline in the sardine population has led to an increase in the population of "fishes," providing more food for the anchovy.
B. The anchovy has a more diverse diet than the sardine and can thrive on alternative food sources.
C. The fishing nets used to catch sardines are designed to minimize the bycatch of anchovies and other endangered species.
D. The government has implemented strict regulations on the fishing of anchovies to protect their population.
E. The sardine and the anchovy have coexisted in the same ecosystem for thousands of years without one species significantly impacting the other.

In an effort to prevent overfishing in the region, the government recently set a quota on the quantity of fish each fishing boat can bring back, as determined by inspections upon the boats' return. After some time, the quantity of fish brought back by the boats was consistently within the quota, yet the fish population in the region's waters did not increase. Which of the following, if true, best explains this discrepancy?
(A) The government decreased the fishing quota after the initial period in order to further protect the fish population.
(B) The fishing boats began venturing to more distant waters that were not as heavily fished in order to maximize their catches.
(C) Before the quota was instituted, fishing boats would sometimes catch more fish than they could store and have to discard the excess fish, which would often die.
(D) In order to meet the quota, fishing boats would often discard lower-value fish species before inspection and keep only the most profitable ones, and the discarded fish would typically die.
(E) The fish population had already been so overfished before the quota was implemented that even with reduced fishing, it would take many years for the population to recover.

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The China National Symphony Orchestra (CNSO), one of the most prestigious and renowned orchestras in the country, has been facing a significant challenge in recent years due to a shortage of skilled musicians. Established in 1956 under the baton of the esteemed conductor Li Delun, the CNSO has earned accolades both domestically and internationally for its exceptional performances and diverse repertoire. However, with the retirement of veteran musicians and a lack of qualified young talent, the orchestra finds itself grappling with a pressing issue that threatens its future success.

In an effort to address this challenge, the CNSO launched an ambitious training program in 2010, modeled after the medical residency system, to provide aspiring young musicians with comprehensive training and practical experience. The program, which spans three to five years, demands that trainees fully immerse themselves in the orchestra's rehearsals, performances, and other activities.

Under the program's stipulations, trainees are required to work between 60 and 80 hours per week, including eight hours of daily rehearsals, two to three performances per week, and various orchestra-related activities such as pre-concert rehearsals and community outreach events. Despite the demanding schedule, trainees receive a relatively meager stipend, averaging around 3,500 CNY per month, which is approximately 25% of the average salary of a full-fledged CNSO musician.

Critics argue that this high-intensity, low-pay work environment borders on exploitation and may have detrimental effects on the trainees' physical and mental well-being, ultimately impacting their musical performance. Some trainees have privately complained that the lengthy rehearsals and performances leave them with insufficient time for rest and recovery, while the paltry stipend barely covers the high cost of living in Beijing.

In response, the CNSO management maintains that rigorous training is essential for cultivating exceptional musicians, citing similar practices employed by world-renowned orchestras such as the Vienna Philharmonic and the Berlin Philharmonic. They emphasize that the training provided by the CNSO goes beyond mere musical skills, instilling a professional ethos that prepares trainees for the demands and pressures of a career in music.

The management also points out that, while the stipend may be modest, the CNSO provides trainees with other forms of support, such as free accommodation, meals, and transportation subsidies. Moreover, trainees have the opportunity to collaborate with renowned conductors and musicians from around the world, participate in recordings and tours, and gain invaluable learning experiences.

However, an internal survey reveals that trainee satisfaction with the program is low. Among the 50 trainees surveyed, 60% reported working more than 70 hours per week, with 20% claiming to work over 80 hours. More than half of the trainees believe that the current stipend is insufficient to cover the high cost of living in Beijing, and 30% admitted to having made mistakes during rehearsals or performances due to excessive fatigue.

Furthermore, data from the past five years shows that while the total number of trainees in the CNSO program has increased by 40%, the orchestra's annual revenue has grown by only 20% during the same period. This disparity raises concerns about the long-term financial sustainability of the training program and its impact on the orchestra's overall budget.

The survey also revealed that, upon completing the training program, only about 50% of the trainees successfully secure a position as a full-fledged member of the CNSO. The remaining trainees either leave voluntarily or are dismissed due to subpar performance. This attrition rate has led some critics to question the effectiveness of the program in nurturing and retaining talented musicians.

Despite the controversies surrounding the training program, the CNSO management remains steadfast in its belief that the program is crucial for maintaining the orchestra's high standards. They argue that many of the world's most prestigious orchestras, such as the New York Philharmonic and the London Symphony Orchestra, have similar training schemes that have proven instrumental in cultivating the next generation of talented musicians.

To address the concerns raised by the trainees and critics, the CNSO has recently announced plans to review and restructure the training program. The proposed changes include a 15% increase in the monthly stipend, a cap on weekly working hours at 65, and the introduction of mandatory rest periods between rehearsals and performances. The management hopes that these adjustments will create a more supportive and sustainable environment for the trainees while still maintaining the program's rigorous standards.

In addition to these changes, the CNSO has also pledged to increase transparency and communication with the trainees. Quarterly feedback sessions will be held to allow trainees to voice their concerns and suggestions directly to the management. The orchestra will also establish a mentorship program, pairing each trainee with a senior musician who can provide guidance and support throughout their training.

To further support the trainees' professional development, the CNSO plans to offer a series of workshops and seminars on topics such as performance anxiety management, career planning, and financial management. These resources aim to equip trainees with the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate the challenging landscape of professional musicianship.

Looking to the future, the CNSO has set ambitious goals for its training program. By 2025, the orchestra aims to increase the retention rate of trainees to 75% and to have at least 30% of its full-fledged members be graduates of the program. To achieve these targets, the CNSO will need to strike a delicate balance between maintaining its high standards and creating a supportive environment that fosters the growth and well-being of its trainees.

As the CNSO continues to refine its training program, it will need to navigate a complex set of challenges and competing priorities. On one hand, the orchestra must ensure that it is producing musicians of the highest caliber, capable of upholding its reputation for excellence. On the other hand, it must also be mindful of the human cost of its training program and work to create an environment that is both demanding and nurturing.

Ultimately, the success of the CNSO's training program will depend on its ability to adapt and evolve in response to the changing needs of its trainees and the broader musical landscape. By remaining committed to its core values of excellence, innovation, and collaboration, while also being open to feedback and change, the CNSO has the potential to create a training program that is truly world-class and that sets the standard for orchestral education in China and beyond.

Questions:
1. What is the primary reason behind the China National Symphony Orchestra's decision to launch a training program for young musicians?
A) To increase the orchestra's annual revenue
B) To address the shortage of skilled musicians in the orchestra
C) To compete with other world-renowned orchestras
D) To expand the orchestra's repertoire

2. According to the passage, what percentage of the average salary of a full-fledged CNSO musician does a trainee's monthly stipend represent?
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

3. Critics of the CNSO's training program argue that the high-intensity, low-pay work environment may have which of the following effects on trainees?
A) Improved musical skills
B) Enhanced professional ethos
C) Detrimental impact on physical and mental well-being
D) Increased collaboration opportunities with renowned musicians

4. According to the internal survey, what percentage of trainees reported working more than 80 hours per week?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 60%

5. The passage mentions that the CNSO provides trainees with various forms of support, including all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Free accommodation
B) Meal provisions
C) Transportation subsidies
D) Health insurance

6. Based on the data from the past five years, what can be inferred about the financial sustainability of the CNSO's training program?
A) The program has significantly increased the orchestra's annual revenue.
B) The program's growth has outpaced the orchestra's revenue growth, raising concerns about its long-term financial sustainability.
C) The program has had no impact on the orchestra's overall budget.
D) The program has helped reduce the orchestra's expenses by providing low-cost labor.

7. What percentage of trainees successfully secure a position as a full-fledged member of the CNSO upon completing the training program?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%

8. Which of the following changes has the CNSO recently announced to address the concerns raised by trainees and critics?
A) A decrease in the monthly stipend
B) An increase in the weekly working hours
C) The introduction of mandatory rest periods between rehearsals and performances
D) The elimination of the mentorship program

9. By 2025, what percentage of the CNSO's full-fledged members does the orchestra aim to have as graduates of the training program?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

10. The CNSO's plan to offer workshops and seminars on various topics aims to achieve which of the following goals?
A) To increase the trainees' weekly working hours
B) To reduce the orchestra's annual revenue
C) To equip trainees with skills and knowledge necessary for professional musicianship
D) To discourage trainees from pursuing a career in music

Answers:
1. B) To address the shortage of skilled musicians in the orchestra
2. B) 25%
3. C) Detrimental impact on physical and mental well-being
4. B) 20%
5. D) Health insurance
6. B) The program's growth has outpaced the orchestra's revenue growth, raising concerns about its long-term financial sustainability.
7. B) 50%
8. C) The introduction of mandatory rest periods between rehearsals and performances
9. C) 30%
10. C) To equip trainees with skills and knowledge necessary for professional musicianship


3.RC
The penetration of formal insurance among low-income populations in developing countries remains low. Under such circumstances, some researchers theorize, social capital can lead to better informal risk-sharing among households. By increasing the social ties between individuals, development organizations may be able to expand or deepen their informal risk-sharing networks and help the poor hedge against individual or household level-risks.  Some experts believe that greater social capital can lead to other advantageous economic outcomes for the poor such as increased cooperation. For these reasons, many development organizations attempt to build social capital through programs that focus on community interaction and group activity.

In this study, CMF researchers tested whether one development intervention that involves constant group interaction, standard microfinance lending, builds social capital. By closely tracking borrowing outcomes for groups that meet more frequently, researchers attempted to quantify the returns to enhanced social capital.

Researchers used several randomised experiments to test whether or not increased microfinance meeting frequency leads to increases in social capital. The study was conducted in the impoverished urban and peri-urban parts of West Bengal, India, with the help of Village Welfare Society (VWS), an MFI operating in the state. Researchers randomized traditional microfinance borrowing groups into either a monthly repayment cohort or a weekly repayment cohort.
There were broadly two kinds of experiments:

Testing for effects of more frequent interaction – Researchers chose 100 first-time loan client groups, each consisting of 10 members. The members of a group generally lived in close to each other or were neighbours. Surveyors randomly selected 30 of these groups to weekly meetings and the rest (70 groups) to attend monthly meetings. The MFI provided approximately Rs. 4000 in loans to each member. The first group had to make weekly repayments of Rs. 100 starting two weeks after loan disbursal and the second group was required to make monthly repayments of Rs. 400 after the first month.

Testing for trust among group members – Researchers ran another experiment more than a year later in which select loan clients from the same groups were given lottery tickets to thank them for participating in the first loan experiment. The client could choose any number of her group members to receive lottery tickets. If the client trusts that the other members would share their winnings with her either directly or through reciprocal behaviour at a later point in time, this increases her expected gain and hence should motivate her to give out more tickets. The tickets are either of Rs. 200 or divisible into Rs. 50, these were randomly assigned to filter the effect of trusting others in the group from altruistic motives.

The study finds that weekly group members were 26% more likely to meet fellow members outside the group meetings compared to women who met monthly. The effects were stronger for women who lived closer to each other. Also, researchers found that while only about 10% of monthly group members had met everyone in their group other socially in the last 30 days, 100% of members in the weekly group had met socially.

The increase in social interaction among members who met more frequently was accompanied by increases in risk-sharing. The researchers found that weekly group members were 29% more likely to make transfers to their friends and distant family after the loan cycle. Though researchers could not directly trace borrower to borrower transfers, they observed increased risk sharing through the trust game. Weekly clients were 48% more likely to distribute Rs. 50 vouchers, an outcome which suggests that weekly clients, more so than monthly client,  saw their fellow group members as individuals who would make reciprocal exchanges.

Most significantly, default risk decreased for the groups that met more frequently – weekly group members were 3.5 times less likely to default on their loans compared to the monthly group members. Researchers conclude that in this case, default decreased, not because of the pressure to repay, but rather because individuals with enhanced social capital (weekly members) were more likely to share risk and make monetary transfers.

Higher meeting frequencies result in reduced default risks, which should theoretically reduce costs for the lending organization. However, the cost of conducting more frequent meetings is also high for the MFI and for the individual. Because both monthly meetings and weekly meetings have significant costs and benefits associated with them, it is hard to conclude that one approach is clearly better than the other. Given the short-term and long-term increases in social capital associated with weekly meetings, organizations holding monthly meetings should consider moving to a weekly schedule. To further inform the policy debate, academics should conduct on the costs borrowers incur in attending repayment meetings.

Many have discussed the merits of individual liability versus joint liability methodologies in microfinance. This study builds on literature that suggests that the joint liability feature of JLG is not the mechanism which guarantees repayment: rather this study finds that more frequent group meetings leads to increases in social capital which improve risk sharing, decreasing default.

Researchers should investigate whether other development programs are also successful at boosting social capital and whether increases in social capital led to economically significant outcomes.

1. The passage suggests that the development of social capital through microfinance lending is:
   A. A well-established and universally accepted phenomenon
   B. A hypothetical proposition requiring further empirical validation
   C. Contingent upon the presence of a robust formal insurance sector
   D. Entirely independent of the efforts of development organizations
   E. Relevant only for populations above a certain socioeconomic threshold

2. The primary objective of the CMF researchers' study was to examine the relationship between:
   A. Microfinance penetration and the economic disparities between urban and peri-urban areas
   B. The frequency of group meetings and the development of social capital
   C. Loan disbursement amounts and the repayment behavior of borrowers
   D. Group size and the overall effectiveness of microfinance lending
   E. Loan repayment schedules and the financial sustainability of microfinance institutions

3. In the context of the lottery ticket experiment, the researchers' hypothesis most likely presupposed that:
   A. Altruistic tendencies would be more pronounced among members of monthly groups
   B. The level of trust among group members would remain unaffected by meeting frequency
   C. The distribution of lottery tickets would be primarily determined by their monetary value
   D. Members of weekly groups would demonstrate a greater inclination towards reciprocal behavior
   E. The divisibility of lottery tickets would significantly influence distribution patterns

4. The passage indicates that the increased social interaction observed among weekly group members:
   A. Was limited to the formal settings of group meetings
   B. Led to a paradoxical decrease in risk-sharing behavior
   C. Was associated with a higher incidence of loan defaults
   D. Had a more pronounced effect on members with closer geographical proximity
   E. Facilitated a greater frequency of financial transfers to friends and family

5. According to the study, the reduced default risk among weekly group members can be primarily attributed to:
   A. The heightened social pressure arising from frequent meetings
   B. The cultivation of social capital and the resulting enhancement of risk-sharing behavior
   C. The preferential allocation of higher loan amounts to weekly group members
   D. The application of more rigorous loan eligibility criteria for weekly groups
   E. The provision of longer loan repayment periods to weekly group members

6. The passage suggests that the decision between weekly and monthly meetings should be guided by:
   A. The internal operational guidelines of the microfinance institution
   B. The short-term impact on the institution's financial performance
   C. The logistical feasibility of conducting frequent meetings
   D. A thorough assessment of the costs and benefits for both the MFI and borrowers
   E. The competitive dynamics within the microfinance industry

7. The findings of the study challenge the prevailing assumption that:
   A. Microfinance serves as a comprehensive solution to poverty alleviation
   B. Joint liability is the primary mechanism underpinning loan repayment in microfinance
   C. Social capital is inconsequential to the success of microfinance initiatives
   D. Meeting frequency plays a negligible role in shaping group dynamics
   E. Individual liability is inherently superior to joint liability in microfinance lending

8. The passage highlights the need for future research to focus on:
   A. Replicating the study across diverse geographical and cultural contexts
   B. Investigating the wider economic ramifications of social capital for low-income populations
   C. Comparing the effectiveness of microfinance with alternative poverty alleviation strategies
   D. Evaluating the long-term sustainability and scalability of microfinance institutions
   E. Examining the impact of regulatory environments on microfinance lending practices
1. 答案: B
   解释: 文章提到,一些研究人员理论化地认为社会资本可以在低收入人群中产生更好的非正式风险分担,但并没有明确的经验证据支持这一点。因此,这仍然是一个有待进一步实证验证的假设命题。
2. 答案: B
   解释: CMF研究人员的研究主要目的是检验小组会议频率与社会资本形成之间的关系。文章明确提到,通过密切跟踪更频繁开会的群体的借贷结果,研究人员试图量化社会资本增强的回报。
3. 答案: D
   解释: 在彩票实验中,研究人员很可能预设了每周一次群组的成员会表现出更高的互惠行为倾向。通过观察成员分发彩票的行为,研究人员可以推断出群组成员之间的信任和互惠程度。
4. 答案: E
   解释: 文章表明,在每周一次群组中观察到的社交互动增加,促进了成员与朋友和家人之间更频繁的财务转移。这表明增强的社交互动超越了群组会议的正式场合。
5. 答案: B
   解释: 根据研究,每周一次群组的违约风险降低主要归因于社会资本的培育和风险分担行为的增强。研究人员得出结论,违约率下降不是因为偿还压力,而是因为具有更多社会资本的个人更有可能分担风险和进行货币转移。
6. 答案: D
   解释: 文章建议,在每周一次会议和每月一次会议之间的决定应该由对小额信贷机构和借款人的成本和收益的全面评估来指导。考虑到与每周会议相关的短期和长期社会资本增加,每月开会的组织应该考虑转向每周一次的时间表。
7. 答案: B
   解释: 该研究的发现挑战了普遍的假设,即连带责任是小额信贷贷款偿还的主要机制。相反,该研究发现,更频繁的小组会议会增加社会资本,从而改善风险分担,降低违约率。
8. 答案: B
   解释: 文章强调,未来的研究需要重点调查社会资本对低收入人群的广泛经济影响。研究人员应该调查其他发展项目是否也成功地提高了社会资本,以及社会资本的增加是否导致了经济上显著的结果。

xuelin99

Mark一下！               

xuelin99

D145
1.加强题
P：s鱼数量急剧下降，由于过度捕捞，但政府认为这有利于濒危物种a
C：因为两种鱼的食物来源相同
A：s的下降导致食物变多，提供了更多的食物给a，重复前提
B：a有很多食物来源，削弱
C：抓s的网尽可能了减少捕捉到a，没有提到食物问题
D：政府实施了严格的保护a的政策，无关
E：s和a共存了很多年，如果一方变少会影响生态平衡，削弱
我的答案：A  正确答案：A

2.解释题
P：为了防止过度捕捞，政府限制了捕捞船可带回去鱼的数量的额度
C：捕捞船带回鱼的数量在限额内，但鱼的数量没有上升
A：政府降低了配额，为了保护鱼的数量，无关
B：渔船冒险去更远的区域，为了捕更多的鱼
C：限额设定前，渔民捕捉超出储存量的鱼，然后丢弃
D：为了满足限额，渔民经常丢弃价值低的品种，丢弃后鱼会死亡
E：政策前就已经过度捕捞，恢复需要很长时间
我的答案：D  正确答案：D

为了G700

Day 145
第一题，❌选C，答案A，加强题。
P:过度捕获导致沙丁鱼减少，
C：有利于anchovy，因为他们都吃一种鱼。

A.可以加强，但是没有讲Anchovy缺食物，如果不缺，增加了也有利于A。
B. 削弱。
C. 抓沙丁鱼的渔网被设计更小了会直接减少对A的伤害。
D. 无关
E. 削弱。

第二题，选D，解释矛盾点。
P：政府用Quota来阻止过度捕捞。
C：虽然船上按照Quota来，水域的鱼数量并没有增加。

A.进一步的减少Quota不能解释鱼没有增加。
B.Quota在鱼的数量，不是重量。
C.讲的是Quota之前的问题。
D.正确，Quota虽然有了，但是被抛弃的鱼没有计算在内。
E. 暗示Quota有效，只是需要时间，文中有讲After sometime.

anonysakura

1. CR
premise：1. Both the sardine and the anchovy compete for the same food source, small fishes called "fishes.”两种鱼是竞争关系，竞争食物
conclusion:  the government believes that the decline in the sardine population will benefit the critically endangered anchovy, another fish species，S鱼数量减少使得A鱼受益
问加强
A 正解，补充逻辑链，fill the gap, S鱼数量减少使得fishes数量增加，为A鱼提供了更多食物，从而使A鱼受益
B 削弱前提，两种鱼竞争关系下降
C 无关 S鱼的捕猎不会导致A鱼捕猎
D 无关
E 削弱前提，两种鱼竞争关系下降

2. CR
解释题
A 不能解释，如果quota减少，鱼的数量应该上升
B 无关 去别的region捕鱼不影响region的鱼的数量
C before the quota was instituted时间不在讨论范围
D 正解，quota导致很多鱼被捕获后丢弃死亡，但是没有quota这部分鱼就被捕了，一样数量会减少，说明quota没有改变捕鱼的方式
E 需要时间恢复，恢复到原来水平但是仍然不能解释鱼的数量为什么没有上升，可以上升一部分但不到原来的水平

CR答案：AD

setmefree1

DAY145
CR
A s鱼因为过度捕捞而减少，能使另一种濒危鱼类受益，这两种鱼食同一种食物来源
D 为阻止过度捕捞，政府设置每支船可以带回的捕捞限额。一段时间后，船带回的鱼始终在限额内，但是鱼额的数量没有增加

文昌君

Thanks

qtVincent

Mark一下！               

Yeelin椰林

【CR】
1、A。最直接，文中提到了这两种鱼的食物是一样的。
2、D。捕鱼配额使得渔夫们会择优选鱼，不好的鱼则留在了海中。

杨翠花

Mark一下！