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[揽瓜阁精读] 311.金矿

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发表于 2023-6-2 09:43:54 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式


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Metals found in lake mud in the central Peruvian Andes have revealed the first evidence for pre-Colonial metalsmithing there.

These findings illustrate a way that archaeologists can recreate the past even when looters have destroyed the valuable artifacts that would ordinarily be relied upon to reveal historical secrets. For instance, the new research hints at a tax imposed on local villages by ancient Inca rulers to force a switch from production of copper to silver.

Pre-Colonial bronze artifacts have previously been found in the central Peruvian Andes dating back to about 1000 AD, after the fall of the Wari or Huari civilization , the largest empire in the Andes before the Incas . However, it has been unclear how metallurgy had developed there, or whether or not these artifacts even came from the Andes, instead perhaps coming from trading with coastal villages.

"There's a lot you can't tell about history from the metal artifacts here because there's been a lot of looting, during both modern times and when the Spanish first arrived to melt down what silver and other metals were there to send back to the Spanish crown," said researcher Colin Cooke, an environmental scientist at the University of Alberta in Canada.

Curious emergence of metallurgy

To recreate a millennium of metallurgical history, the scientists measured the concentrations of copper, lead, zinc, antimony, bismuth, silver and titanium in sediments from Laguna Pirhuacocha , a lake in the mining region of Morococha in Peru that metal pollutants from furnace smoke contaminated. Collecting these samples over two summers in the extremely high, remote Andes was physically challenging, Cooke recalled, "with the occasional blown tire and truck getting stuck for a day."

The metals that Cooke, University of Pittsburgh environmental scientist Mark Abbott and their colleagues focused on are each linked with certain metallurgical practices. For instance, a large rise in zinc and copper levels relative to lead concentrations suggest copper smelting, while increases in lead, antimony and bismuth hint at silver metallurgy. They used carbon dating and lead isotope dating to figure out when the metals inside mud samples from the bottom of the lake were deposited.

The scientists found the earliest evidence for metallurgy dated back to between 1000 and 1200 AD, after the fall of the Wari but well before the rise of the Inca. Metallurgy then seemed aimed toward copper and copper alloys.

"It's very curious. You normally associate metals and technological development with large states and empires," Cooke told LiveScience. "It's rather strange that the onset of metallurgy occurred just as the Wari Empire disappeared from the scene."

Transition to silver

The Wari collapsed at the same time as the Tiwanaku, another empire in the Andes, both due possibly to a massive drought that, among other things, dropped Lake Titicaca by 20 feet. "Ideas and technology concerning metallurgy might have spread after these collapses, but it's still a mystery of where metallurgy came from here," Cooke said.

After 1450 AD, the villages switched from copper to silver, according to findings to be detailed in the May 15 issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology. The researchers noted this coincided with Inca control, when rulers imposed a tax, payable in silver. The precious metal had ceremonial status among the Inca.

"We're hoping to really help reconstruct the history of metallurgy in the New World," Cooke said. They have so far collected samples from some 30 other sites throughout the Andes that await further analysis, he added.


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沙发
发表于 2023-6-2 09:45:33 | 只看该作者
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板凳
发表于 2023-6-2 09:58:42 | 只看该作者
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地板
发表于 2023-6-2 11:00:43 | 只看该作者
Mark一下!               
5#
发表于 2023-6-2 11:08:28 发自手机 Web 版 | 只看该作者
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6#
发表于 2023-6-2 11:09:56 | 只看该作者
7#
发表于 2023-6-2 11:25:26 | 只看该作者
Mark一下!               
8#
发表于 2023-6-2 11:29:45 发自 iPhone | 只看该作者
看一下,谢谢!
9#
发表于 2023-6-2 11:51:45 | 只看该作者
介绍背景
-在Peruvian Andes湖发现的金属揭露了殖民时期的金属冶炼
-这个发现还原了当时被掩盖的历史秘密
-在Peruvian Andes湖被发现的铜块可以追溯到1000AD,Andes最后一个王朝Wari灭亡后。
-However,并不能确定这些冶炼技术如何发展,是否起源于Andes,或者其实是从别的地方传进来的。
-CC说仍然有很多谜团,因为当时西班牙人去过Andes并掠夺金属带了回去

产生疑问
-为了重现历史,科学家们对Laguna Pirhuacocha湖底沉淀的金属进行打捞检测。
-介绍检测技术,如何鉴定金属的年份。
-检测发现这些金属可以追溯到1000-1200AD。黄铜及黄铜合金。
-CC说冶炼技术的发展通常和帝国的发展是相关的,奇怪的是这些技术却是在Wari帝国灭亡后出现的。

问题尚未解决
-Wari和Tiwanaku都是因为干旱亡国的,水平面下降。
-虽然知道些技术却是在Wari帝国灭亡后出现的,却不知道技术起源于那里。
-最新研究发现1450AD后,人们从炼铜转向炼银。银的价值属性提高了
-CC说希望能够还原冶炼技术的历史,目前已经收集了很多金属样本了
10#
发表于 2023-6-2 12:35:04 | 只看该作者
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