[揽瓜阁精读] 233.Micro finance

Kristan

1.正规保险在发展中国家低收入人群中的渗透一直很低。基于这种情况一些学者认为社会资本可以在家庭间提供非正式风险分担。通过增加个人之间的社会联系，发展组织可以加深他们之间的非正式风险分担网，帮助低收入人群抵御个人或家庭风险。一些学者认为，社会资本越多，对穷人的经济利好越大，比如增加合作。基于这些原因，许多发展组织尝试通过一些社区交流和团队合作项目来打造社会资本。
2.在一项研究中，CMF的研究者测试了发展干预是否能建议社会资本，该发展干预包含持续团队交流，标准小额借贷。通过持续跟踪借款后对持久见面团队的影响，研究者试图量化加强社会资本的成果。
3.研究者作用随机试验来测试增长的频繁微型金融行为是否能促成社会资本的增长。这个实验在穷困城市和印度b城周边进行，vws 提供了帮助 vws是一个在该洲运行的mfi. 研究者随机把小额借贷人群分为周还款人群和月还款人群。
以下是两种类型的实验。
4.为了测试频繁交流的影响，研究者挑选了100个首次贷款的客户群，每个群挑选十个人。这些人都住的很近或者就是邻居。研究者随机挑选三十人群周联系，剩下的七十个群月会议。mfi 为每人提供4000卢布的贷款。第一组需要在支出后的开始两周后每周偿100卢布。第二组需要在第一个月后每月偿还400卢布。
5.为了在群体中测试信任，研究者在一年后进行了另一个实验。这个实验从同一个群中挑选贷款用户并以感谢参与实验的名义给他们分发博彩。客服可选任何组员的数量来领取彩票。如果客服相信其他成员中奖后会分享，就会使她拿出更多的彩票。彩票面值随机分配，以过滤出利他行为的影响。

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233- Micro finance
P1 - The penetration of insurance among low-income populations in developing counres remains low.
       1/ lead to risk-sharing among households  
       2/ other advantages: increased cooperation
       => development org attempt to build social capital through programs that focus on community interactions.
P2 - CMF tested one program involves constant group interaction, standard microfinance lending and builds social capital.
P3 -  Several randomized experiments were used to test whether microfinance meeting frequency leads to increases in social capital.
        Two groups: monthly repayment cohort and weekly repayment cohort
P4 - Testing for effects of more frequent interaction-
       30 groups - weekly meet;
       70 groups - monthly meet;
P5 - Testing for trust among group members
       1 year later, select loan clients from the same group were given lottery tickets The client could choose any number of her group members to receive lottery tickets.
        1/ if the client trust the other members, she would give out more tickets
        2/ two tickets are available: Rs 200 or Rs. 50
P6 - The study finds the weekly group members were more likely to meet compared to members of the monthly group.
P7 - The more frequent they meet, the more risk-sharing.
        The weekly clients were more likely to distribute the Rs. 50 tickets
        => weekly clients saw fellow group members more as individuals who would exchange
P8 - Risk also decreased for weekly group for they were more likely to share risk and make monetary transfers.
P9 - Higher meeting frequencies result in reduced default risks.However the cost is high.
      => Given the short-term and long-term increases in social capital associated with the weekly meetings, weekly schedule is preferred.
P10 - Individual liability vs. joint liability in microfinance.
        => Not the joint liability feature which guarantees repayment
        => Rather more frequent meetings lead to increase in social capital
P11 - Researches should investigate whether other development programs are also successful in boosting social capital.

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