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- 2010-7-27
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Useful words and phrases
2. The role of CO2 in the evolution of the earth, Mars and Venus
3. Our interests in the role of xx in xx had its roots in
4. The notion that higher CO2 levels could have protected the earth gave rise to a related idea
5. Cosmological puzzle – 宇宙谜团
6. Impinge – have an effect or impact, especially a negative one
7. Stellar - 恒星的
Structure
• Introduce paradox
• Definition paradox
• Explain paradox
o NH3
o More probable -CO2
Attitude
The author believes that the CO2 explanation is a better one for the paradox
Content
P1: State the paradox. All models showed that the sun was 25-30% dimmer when the solar system formed than it is today. Since then, the solar luminosity has increased approximately linearly. What is next – what is the paradox?
P2: 15 yeas ago, C.S. and G. H., pointed out that Paradox arises when one realizes that if the atmosphere was the same as it is now, a weak sun would have resulted in an ice-covered earth 2 bln years ago. However, no freezing, evidence: 1 earth has liquid sinze 3.8 bln years ago; 2. Life has been present since 3.5 bln years ago.
P3: S and M realized that the paradox disappears if one assumes the earth’s atmosphere has changed. E.g. young planet has fewer clouds than it has today – less of the sunlight that impinged on the earth would have been reflected back into space – making the planet warmer. Nowadays, some 30% of the sunlight is returned to space by clouds. The earth was actually warmer than today’s. 下面再讲什么呢? 文章一开始就说了二氧化碳啊,下面肯定要讲二氧化碳的事情了。
P4: More probable explanation is that GHG effect was more pronounced in the distant past. S and M suggested that NH3 could have warmed the climate if the gas represented just 100 out of every million molecules of the air. However, subsequent studies – that the sun would have rapidly converted NH3 into non greenhouse gases N2 and H2 unless it was continually resupplied to the atmosphere from the planet’s surface.
P5: CO2 is abundant and would have compensated for the reduced sunlight.
P6: CO2: CO2 level declined at a rate that precisely counteracted the increase in solar luminosity with time, the decline might account for the fact that the earth’s temperature has always remained within reasonable limits. M H undertook to calculate the rate.
P7: the rate of change of CO2 levels must be perfect
P8: The distance between earth and the sun was also crucial.
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