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【什么时间段被称为中世纪?
The medieval era, often called The Middle Ages or the Dark Ages, began around 476 A.D. following a great loss of power throughout Europe by the Roman Emperor. The Middle Ages span roughly 1,000 years, ending between 1400 and 1450.为什么被叫做Dark Ages呢?--The Middle Ages are often said to be dark because of a supposed lack of scientific and cultural advancement. During this time, feudalism(封建主义) was the dominant political system】
【长难句】
1. These four measures suggest that there was no great divide between medieval 'golden age' and an early-modern age of growing inactivity and explotation. 这四项指标表明,在中世纪的“黄金时代”和日益缺乏活动和开发的早期现代时代之间没有太大的差距。
2. For anoterh example, many guild ordinances against women's work seem to have been propted by adverse economic conditions and seem to have applied (if they ever had real effect at all) only to years of hard times. 再例如,许多反对妇女工作的公会条例似乎是受到不利的经济条件的推动,似乎只适用于多年的艰难时期(如果它们有真正的影响的话)。(这里的重点应该是在于only to years of hard times,也就是说那些ordinances只在1540s那几年发生了,重点不是在ordinances的内容上,而是在只在那几年有,很短暂,举2这第二个例子也是为了支持"First“的论点。)
3. These changes-as ephemeral and as limited as they were-must also be placed within a context of enduring continuities in the circumstances, status and experiences of women worker. 这些变化虽然短暂而有限,但也必须放在女工的环境、地位和经历的持久连续性的背景下。
4. In one sense, my argument with those who posit a great transition in women's work is a perceptual one. 在某种意义上,我与那些认为女性工作将发生重大转变的人的争论是感性的。
5. This framework suits well a liberal historiographic tradition, for it implies that a 'golden age' for women-part of the relatively recent past of the West-can be easily recovered in the future without major structural changes. 这个框架很适合自由主义的历史传统,因为它意味着女性的“黄金时代”——西方相对较近的过去的一部分——在未来可以很容易地恢复,而不需要重大的结构变化。
【大致结构】
先说作者的观点:1300-1700这段时间不是great transition也不是中世纪的golden age。女性的工作在这段时间确实有变化,但是认为是暂时性的shifts,3点原因:1)这些改变存在的时间都很短;2)这些改变只影响了很小的一部分女性(wage-earning women and women in urban,且这两类人中能真正利用这些changes的人又很少);3)让这些changes有效,则必须在女工的环境、地位和经历的持久连续性的背景下(但这是不现实的?)。
最后一段作者提到和他持相反观点的人,即认为1300-1700年女性工作的改变是great transformation。这些持相反观点的人便就认为这是之后再early modern的时候女性所失去的golden age(作者最后用了好几个in which的从句来形容这个"golden age"怎么不利于女性,明显是讽刺。 |
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