文章结构: 在modern artisanship里,engineers可以manipulate一个物体的internal stress fields从而给予其desired properties(属性).由此引出residual stresses这个概念,can be both beneficial and harmful,因此更重要的在于the ability to measure the stress fields directly,而不是通过war page或者breakage去infer它的nature>analytical competence的重要性。文章最后总结了在engineering design中的三个新trends: 1. proliferation of non-traditional materials 2. trimming of safety margins 3. reduction in scale of many engineered systems.
第一段:工程师会通过操控物体的internal stress给物体赋予性质。但我们通常有一个hazy understanding认为stress会导致failure,应该被消除。
第二段:internal stress不可避免,许多制造操作会set up internal stress,并且许多物体会受到internal stress的影响。得出:这些internal stress即是beneficial又是harmful的。目前,有能力可以直接测量stress fields。有几种trends使得这种分析能力变得非常重要。
第三段:Trend 1:proliferation of nontraditional materials
Trend 2:trimming of safety margins
Trend 3:reduction in scale of engineered systems
mildly alarmed on being told: 被告知后有一些惊慌
the average people: 一般人
redeem: 弥补,补救;拯救
rigid material: 刚性材料
turning, grinding, and heat treatment, surface hardening, and welding:车削、磨削、热处理、表面硬化和焊接
go to great lengths to do: 竭尽全力去做
proliferation: 繁殖;激增
coil: 卷 a spring: 卷弹簧
lore: 知识
trim: 修建,剪除