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3.Residual stress
P1: dental fillings contain locked-in stress. We all have a hazy understanding that stress leads to fracture. So we are likely to feel that all material stresses are without redeeming value and should be eliminated.
P2: in fact, it is difficult to work a rigid material without internal stresses. These residual stresses can be beneficial as well as harmful. Many stress-related effects and recipes for obtaining them have long been used by artisans. The new thing is the ability to measure the stresses directly rather than inferring their nature from warpage and breakage. Several trends are popular now.
P3: one trend is the proliferation of nontraditional materials. For example for ceramic transducers, semiconductor wafers, or composite air foils. The Second trend is the trimming of safety margins. Because in the case of objects that must be lofted into space, a large safety factor is totally impractical. The third trend is the reduction in scale of many engineered systems. Residual stresses play more important roles.
Author's opinion: first mention most people think residual stresses are harmful, then point out that they can be beneficial, in the end, give three trends in which residual stresses could be beneficial.
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