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Imagine that we stand on any ordinary seaside pier, and watch the waves rolling in and striking against the iron columns of the pier. Large waves pay very little attention to the columns—they divide right and left and re-unite after passing each column, much as a regiment of soldiers would if a tree stood in their way; it is almost as though the columns had not been there. But the short waves and ripples find the columns of the pier a much more formidable obstacle. When the short waves impinge on the columns, they are reflected back and spread as new ripples in all directions. To use the technical term, they are “scattered.” The obstacle provided by the iron columns hardly affects the long waves at all, but scatters the short ripples.
We have been watching a working model of the way in which sunlight struggles through the earth’s atmosphere. Between us on earth and outer space the atmosphere interposes innumerable obstacles in the form of molecules of air, tiny droplets of water, and small particles of dust. They are represented by the columns of the pier.
The waves of the sea represent the sunlight. We know that sunlight is a blend of lights of many colors—as we can prove for ourselves by passing it through a prism, or even through a jug of water, or as Nature demonstrates to us when she passes it through the raindrops of a summer shower and produces a rainbow. We also know that light consists of waves, and that the different colors of light are produced by waves of different lengths, red light by long waves and blue light by short waves. The mixture of waves which constitutes sunlight has to struggle through the obstacles it meets in the atmosphere, just as the mixture of waves at the seaside has to struggle past the columns of the pier. And these obstacles treat the light waves much as the columns of the pier treat the sea-waves. The long waves which constitute red light are hardly affected, but the short waves which constitute blue light are scattered in all directions.
Thus, the different constituents of sunlight are treated in different ways as they struggle through the earth’s atmosphere. A wave of blue light may be scattered by a dust particle, and turned out of its course. After a time a second dust particle again turns it out of its course, and so on, until finally it enters our eyes by a path as zigzag as that of a flash of lightning. Consequently, the blue waves of the sunlight enter our eyes from all directions. And that is why the sky looks blue.
1. We know from experience that if we look directly at the sun, we will see red light near the sun. This observation is supported by the passage for which one of the following reasons?
(A) It seems reasonable to assume that red light would surround the sun because the sun is basically a large fireball.
(B) It seems reasonable to assume that the other colors of light would either cancel each other or combine to produce red.
(C) It seems reasonable to assume that red light would not be disturbed by the atmospheric particles and would consequently reach us by a relatively direct path from the sun to our eyes.
(D) It is not supported by the passage. The author does not say what color of light should be near the sun, and he provides no reasons that would allow us to assume that the light would be red.
(E) Gazing directly at the sun forces the eye to focus on the longer red waves.
2. Scientists have observed that shorter wavelength light has more energy than longer wavelength light. From this we can conclude that
(A) red light will exert more energy when it hits the surface of the earth than will blue light.
(B) lightning is caused by the collision of blue light with particles in the air.
(C) red light will travel faster than blue light.
(D) blue light has more energy than red light.
(E) blue light has less energy than red light.
3. A scientist makes new observations and learns that water waves of shorter wavelengths spread in all directions not only because they scatter off piers but also because they interact with previously scattered short water waves. Drawing upon the analogy between water waves and light waves, we might hypothesize which of the following?
(A) Blue light waves act like ripples that other blue light waves meet and scatter from.
(B) Red light waves will be scattered by blue light waves like incoming long water waves are scattered by outgoing ripples.
(C) Red light waves can scatter blue light waves, but blue light waves cannot scatter red.
(D) The analogy between water and light waves cannot be extended to include the way in which short water waves become ripples and scatter one another.
(E) The scattering effect of blue light waves is canceled by that of red.
4. Which one of the following is a reason for assuming that sunlight is constituted of waves of many colors?
(A) The mixture of waves that make up sunlight has to struggle through a variety of obstacles in the atmosphere.
(B) When passing through water in the atmosphere, sunlight is sometimes broken down into an array of colors.
(C) Many different wavelengths of light enter our eyes from all directions.
(D) The mere fact that light waves can be scattered is a reason for assuming that sunlight is constituted of waves of different colors.
(E) When passing through dust in the atmosphere, sunlight is sometimes broken down into an array of colors.
5. From the information presented in the passage, what can we conclude about the color of the sky on a day with a large quantity of dust in the air?
(A) The sky would be even bluer
(B) The sky would be redder
(C) The sky would not change colors
(D) We do not have enough information to determine a change in color
(E) The sky would assume a violet hue
6. We all know that when there is a clear sky, the western sky appears red as the sun sets. From the information presented in the passage, this phenomenon would seem to be explained by which of the following?
I. Light meets more obstacles when passing parallel to the earth’s surface than when traveling perpendicular. Consequently, even red light is diffused.
II. The blue light may not make it through the denser pathway of the evening sky, leaving only the long light waves of red.
III. The short red light waves have more energy and are the only waves that can make it through the thick atmosphere of the evening sky.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
7. Which one of the following does the author seem to imply?
(A) Waves of light and waves of water are identical.
(B) Waves of light have the same physical shape as waves of water.
(C) Waves of light and waves of water do not have very much in common.
(D) Waves of water are only models of waves of light.
(E) There are colors of light waves just as there are colors of water waves.
参考答案： CDDBDCD
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发表于 2021-8-1 07:58:13
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