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[阅读小分队] 【揽瓜阁 外刊精读7.0】Day4 2021.04.15【社会科学-商业、商业】

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发表于 2021-4-14 22:03:31 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
  揽瓜阁俱乐部第七期
  Day4 2021.04.15

【社会科学-商业】The Jabs vs. The Jab-Nots - Vaccine passports risk leaving behind the poorest and most vulnerable
(Bloomberg -952 字 长精读)

On March 15, Britain’s Parliament turned to the question of the moment: how to reopen pubs, cinemas, and soccer stadiums. Almost half the adult population, after all, has gotten a Covid-19 shot, and Prime Minister Boris Johnson has declared that the end of the crisis “really is in sight.” At the heart of the discussion was the “vaccine passport,” a smartphone app or a slip of paper that would attest to inoculation, granting bearers the freedom to travel, go to concerts and cafes, or even just return to the office. Yet what sounds like a practical solution to an unprecedented problem opens the door to a host of ethical and legal concerns. “It would mean passes for the pub,” Conservative MP Steve Baker thundered in a parliamentary debate. “I did not think that is the society that we wished to live in.”

Politicians, ethicists, and epidemiologists worldwide are grappling with the same issue. As
vaccine rollouts accelerate in the U.K., U.S., and beyond, how do we open up safely, letting people who have protection and are demonstrably Covid-free return to pre-pandemic life without risk to the rest of the population? More important, how do we do that in a way that’s equitable, because passports could easily benefit the wealthy and more fortunate while leaving behind minority groups and the poor. “There’s an important sense that we’re all in this together, and it’s only as a society that we get out, but if you allow some people to have freedoms and privileges but not others, it may erode that sense of solidarity,” says David Archard, chair of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics in London. “There are clear benefits, but I think on balance the potential risks and harms outweigh the gains.”

Providing proof of vaccination isn’t new. Many tropical and subtropical countries require travelers to show they’ve been inoculated against yellow fever, and others demand a polio vaccine certificate from at least some travelers. But a Covid passport program would require unprecedented global coordination, spurring myriad efforts to offer one. The nonprofit Commons Project and the World Economic Forum have talked with officials from 52 countries about the so-called CommonPass, aimed at returning travel and trade to pre-crisis levels. The International Air Transport Association, the airline trade group, is working on a similar idea. The European Union has outlined plans for digital certificates for travelers. U.S. airlines have pushed the White House to set standards for health passes.

Even without government directives, businesses such as restaurants and theaters may take the lead and require customers to show they’ve been vaccinated. But companies that implement measures such as “no jab, no job” policies risk legal challenges, University of Oxford professors Christopher Dye and Melinda Mills wrote on March 19 in the journal Science. “Freedom of choice for individual employees, set against a firm’s duty and preference for the care of all staff, might be tested in court,” they wrote.

The biggest concern for many health advocates is access to vaccines. More than three months after the first shots were approved for use in Britain, differences in vaccination rates are stark. Although the U.K. has given at least one dose to more than 40% of its population, and the U.S. to about a quarter, vast swaths of the globe are still waiting, with just 10 countries accounting for three-fourths of all the vaccines administered. “There is a huge disparity in availability and access between high income and low- and middle-income countries,” says Mark Eccleston-Turner, a law and infectious disease specialist at Keele University in England. “If we then attach vaccine passporting to that, we’re going to end up with a very clear two-tier system.”

The lag threatens to leave developing countries even further behind. Without vaccines, those countries risk repeated waves of infection and new variants. The use of passports could exacerbate “vaccine nationalism,” making efforts to strengthen health systems and speed up immunizations even more urgent, says Nicole Hassoun, a professor at Binghamton University in New York. “Vaccine inequity is a huge problem that is potentially made worse by this system,” she says.

In the developed world, the prospect of passports raises the specter of a new generation gap. For most of the past year, young people have been asked to remain socially distanced from friends—for their own health, of course, but even more for that of older, more vulnerable people. Because the elderly have been the first to get vaccinated, they would presumably be among the first to get passports, leaving young people stuck at home while Grandma and Grandpa jet off to Sardinia or Santorini.

Lacking a passport could hinder access to job and business opportunities, too, particularly for migrants and the young, who aren’t prioritized for vaccines, says Chetan Kapoor, co-founder of Safe Travel Barometer, an Indian company that tracks health and safety measures. For people who have been offered jobs or admitted to universities abroad, he suggests a protocol allowing inoculations in the destination locale. “Younger people in almost all countries are at the bottom of the list,” Kapoor says. “It creates a really binary world between the haves and the have-nots.”

The counterargument is that lockdown measures have also drastically increased inequality as people have lost jobs, struggled with child care, and been forced to live much of their lives virtually. Some form of pass to hasten the return to normal would let many of those people get back on their feet. For now, soaring unemployment and widening socioeconomic gaps mean passes make sense even if they favor some groups over others, says Maya Fried of the Association for Civil Rights in Israel. But longer term, a passport system could become “a breeding ground for civil rights issues.”


【社会科学-商业】Firm and Bank
( WSY -495 字 短精读)


【笔记格式要求】
同学们精读这 2 篇文章并进行笔记打卡

精读笔记格式要求:
1.总结文章中心大意
2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
4.总结文章中的生词
5.记录阅读时间、总结时间、总时间

这里也给大家三点学习小建议哦~
精读:如遇到读不懂的复杂句,建议找出句子主干,分析句子成分,也可以尝试翻译句子来帮助理解~



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发表于 2021-4-15 02:28:26 | 显示全部楼层
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
发表于 2021-4-15 10:28:13 | 显示全部楼层
【社会科学-商业】The Jabs vs. The Jab-Nots - Vaccine passports risk leaving behind the poorest and most vulnerable (Bloomberg -952 字 长精读)
文章大意:疫苗注射不均等的社会现象,以及其影响和对后世的警示
段落大意:
1、鉴于目前大约一半的英国成年人口已注射疫苗,鲍里斯认为疫情将进入尾声。
2、Problem: vaccine passport很有可能引起世界范围的对道德伦理和法律上的担忧
3、展开concerns:【1】富人比穷人更快注射疫苗,危害社会团结;【2】尽管vaccine passport并非先例,但Covid-19的影响更大,影响更多的行业;【3】国家之间注射疫苗的差距,使发展中国家更加落后;【4】发达国家中,年轻人和老人注射疫苗的差距→ a new generation gap; 【5】导致工作机会上的壁垒,特别在移民和年轻人之间;【6】封锁政策在一些失业和寻求幼儿保护的人口中加剧了不平等
4、Passport的长期效应【正向】:这将是民权问题的摇篮

1        a breeding ground for               
2        a host of                大量,许多, 一大群
3        attest        英:/ə'test/ 美:/ə'tɛst/        1.vt. 证明;证实;为…作证
2.vi. 证明;作证
时 态: attested, attesting, attests
名 词: attestant
名 词: attestation
4        counterargument        英:/'kaʊntə,ɑːgjʊm(ə)nt/ 美:/'kaʊntɚ,ɑrgjʊmənt/        n. 辩论,抗辩
5        epidemiologist        英:/'epi,di:mi'ɔlədʒist/ 美:/ˌ ɛpɪˌdimɪˈ ɑləd ʒɪst/        n. 流行病学家
6        equitable        英:/'ekwitəbl/ 美:/ˈɛkwɪtəbəl/        1.adj. 公正的,合理的
2.n. 公正,合理
3.adv. 公正地,合理地
名 词: equitableness
副 词: equitably
7        in sight                看得见, 被看到, 在即, 在望
8        rollout        英:/ˈrəʊlˌaʊt/ 美:/'rol,aʊt/        n. 首次展示
9        solidarity        英:/ˌsɒlɪ'dærɪtɪ/ 美:/ˌsɑlɪ'dærəti/        n. 团结
10        specter        英:/ˈspektə/ 美:/'spɛktɚ/        1.n. 鬼怪,幽灵
2.缠绕心头的恐惧,凶兆
11        swath        英:/swɒθ/ 美:/sweð/        n. 细长的列;收割的刈痕;收割的宽度

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发表于 2021-4-15 11:34:01 | 显示全部楼层
打卡

(话说,啥叫Bloomberg?我还以为是那个牛牛的终端

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发表于 2021-4-15 12:03:57 | 显示全部楼层
https://mubu.com/doc/1mUxZxPG5YQ
day 4
发表于 2021-4-15 13:31:52 | 显示全部楼层
打卡day4

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发表于 2021-4-15 13:54:44 | 显示全部楼层
415打卡

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发表于 2021-4-15 14:07:49 | 显示全部楼层
The Jabs vs. The Jab-Nots -Vaccine passports risk leaving behind the poorest and most vulnerable
1.总结文章中心大意
   In long term, vaccine passport system couldbe problem of civil rights issues.
2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
   The “vaccinepassport” sounds practical BUT contains ethical and legal concerns.
   Why??
   Reason 1: The passport could easily benefitthe wealthy and more fortunate groups.
è Erode solidarity
   Reason 2: The passport program would requirehuge effort.
   Reason 3: Business risk legal challenges if theyrequire their employees the passport.
   Reason 4: Vaccination rates varies indifferent countries.
è Two-tier system
   Reason 5: The passport program would increasethe vaccine inequity problem.
                     Inequity problem in threeaspects:
1.    developed countryvs. developing country.
2.    elderly vs. young
3.    people facingdifficulties in their life
3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
   “There are clear benefits, but I think onbalance the potential risks and harms outweigh the gains.”
   But longer term, a passport system couldbecome “a breeding ground for civil rights issues.”
4.总结文章中的生词
   Inoculation n. [医] 接种;接木;接插芽
   Grapple vi. 抓住;格斗;抓斗机
                 vt. 抓住;与…格斗
                 n. 抓住;格斗
   Myriad adj. 无数的;种种的
                n. 无数,极大数量;无数的人或物
5.阅读时间: 6min
   总结时间: 20min
Firm and Bank
1.总结文章中心大意
   Explain how collateral help banks to makedecision in approving loans to firms.
2.总结分论点或每段段落大意
   In MM, JP and MP’s model, banks can decide whichfirm they are willing to give loan by the help of collateral.
   
   Example: Two firms are applying for a loanfrom the bank.
                    Firm A – High operating costs
                    Firm B – low operating costs
  Background: Bank need to spend money to doinvestigation. The cost for investigation is charged only from the approved firm.So that the approved firm need to subsidize the unproved firms. Low cost firm ismore likely to be approve.
   Problem: How to get the loan approved withoutpaying the investigation fee?
   Solution: Use collateral.
   Evaluation of the solution: Worked when twofirms differs a lot.
   Summary: low operating cost + collateral =get loan + no investigation fee
                    High operating cost + nocollateral = get loan + investigation fee
3.摘抄印象深刻或者觉得优美的句子
   
4.总结文章中的生词
   Collateral n. 抵押品,担保品;旁系亲属
                   adj. 附属的;旁系的;并行的
    Recoup vt. 收回;恢复;偿还;扣除
                vi. 获得补偿;请求扣除
    Subsidizevt. 资助;给予奖助金;向…行贿
5.阅读时间: 5min
   总结时间: 30min
发表于 2021-4-15 14:40:53 | 显示全部楼层
打卡!

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发表于 2021-4-15 15:09:03 | 显示全部楼层
【社会科学-商业】The Jabs vs. The Jab-Nots - Vaccine passports risk leaving behind the poorest and most vulnerable
(Bloomberg -952 字 长精读)
1.        主旨:介绍人们对“疫苗通行证”对拉开社会差距的影响(带来的道德和法律风险)
2.        结构:
【P1】背景,引出下文对“疫苗通行证”的观点展示
【P2】疫苗通行证无法保障公平(人与人,贫富)
【P3】介绍其他疫苗通行证,指出COV-19的通行证是global的,协调起来会很难
【P4-P5】疫苗通行证无法保障公平,且会恶化落后国家的现状(国与国,贫富)
【P6】疫苗通行证无法保障公平(人与人,年龄)
【P7-P8】2种观点,1. 没有疫苗就业难;2. 疫苗通行证可以让之前被lockdown的人有机会重新出去找工作
精读后补充:关于疫苗通行证,会加剧不平等(人与人之间贫富差距、国与国、年龄),但是因为疫情导致失业率升高,所以通行证这件事是可以加速社会回归pre-pandemic的状态的,从短期角度来看是好的,但是长期来看仍然是滋生社会不平等的温床。
3.        生词:in sight在即,在望;inoculation接种;grappling with努力克服,扭打;rollouts首次展示;demonstrably可论证的;erode侵蚀;spurring 激励;myriad极大数量的,无数的;directives指令,指示;take the lead带头;set against使对立;stark突出的;immunizations免费接种,防疫注射;hinder阻碍;counterargument抗辩;breeding ground滋生地
4.        句子:
For now, soaring unemployment and widening socioeconomic gaps mean passes make sense even if they favor some groups over others, says Maya Fried of the Association for Civil Rights in Israel. But longer term, a passport system could become “a breeding ground for civil rights issues.”
5.        时间:
【第一遍】阅读6’24’,总结大纲7’55’’,
【第二遍】精读+标注单词+写补充信息 11’46
【总时间】约25mins
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